Trial reportThe American journal of psychiatry2022
Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Randomized Trial Testing the Efficacy of fMRI Neurofeedback on Clinical and Cognitive Measures in Children With ADHD.
Open access · greenAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph
Trial report in The American journal of psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
4.6field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of different digital interventions on symptoms for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a network meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy of cognitive training modalities in cognitive impairment: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2025Pooled it
- Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex on inhibitory brain activation in children with ADHD.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Trial
- Closed-loop stimulation modulates attention shifting in children.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback for Training of Attention and Related Cognitive Functions.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Task-Based EEG Neurofeedback Enhances Training Effects in Dynamic Visual Search.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2026Article
- Subjective regulation success mediates the influence of neurofeedback performance on mood in the absence of training effects.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Can AI-driven games enhance social skills for autistic children? - A three-level meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- Quantitative electroencephalography as a next-generation tool in neurodiagnostics: significance, clinical applications, and practical interpretative frameworks.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Brain-computer interface: an update for the clinicians.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Review
- Method for Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to Explore Music-Induced Brain Activation in Orchestral Musicians in Concert.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Differential effects of a single dose of Lisdexamfetamine and Guanfacine on cognitive function in children with ADHD.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- From lab to life: challenges and perspectives of fNIRS for haemodynamic-based neurofeedback in real-world environments.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Review
- Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training of Selective Attention in Older Adults.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Aberrant functional hubs and related networks attributed to cognitive impairment in patients with anti‑N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor encephalitis.Biomedical reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2024Review
- Exploring protocol development: Implementing systematic contextual memory to enhance real-time fMRI neurofeedback.Journal of electrical bioimpedance · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Sheut-Ling LamDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Marion CriaudDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Steve LukitoDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Samuel J WestwoodDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Deborah AgbedjroDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Olivia S KowalczykDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Sarah CurranDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Nadia BarretDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Chris AbbottDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Holan LiangDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Emily SimonoffDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Gareth J BarkerDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Vincent GiampietroDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
Katya RubiaDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Lam, Criaud, Lukito, Westwood, Simonoff, Rubia), Department of Neuroimaging (Kowalczyk, Barker, Giampietro), and Department of Biostatistics (Agbedjro), King's College London; Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (Criaud); Institute of Human Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, U.K. (Westwood); Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, University of Westminster, London (Westwood); Southwest London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London (Curran); South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London (Barret, Abbott); Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London (Liang); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Technical University Dresden, Germany (Rubia).
University of Wolverhampton · GB
Funding
Medical Research Council MR/P012647/1
Abstract
objectiveFunctional MRI neurofeedback (fMRI-NF) could potentially be a novel, safe nonpharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial of fMRI-NF of the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC), compared to an active control condition, showed promising improvement of ADHD symptoms (albeit in both groups) and in brain function. However, comparison with a placebo condition in a larger trial is required to test efficacy.
methodsThis double-blind, sham-controlled randomized controlled trial tested the effectiveness and efficacy of fMRI-NF of the rIFC on symptoms and executive functions in 88 boys with ADHD (44 each in the active and sham arms). To investigate treatment-related changes, groups were compared at the posttreatment and 6-month follow-up assessments, controlling for baseline scores, age, and medication status. The primary outcome measure was posttreatment score on the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS).
resultsNo significant group differences were found on the ADHD-RS. Both groups showed similar decreases in other clinical and cognitive measures, except for a significantly greater decrease in irritability and improvement in motor inhibition in sham relative to active fMRI-NF at the posttreatment assessment, covarying for baseline. There were no significant side effects or adverse events. The active relative to the sham fMRI-NF group showed enhanced activation in rIFC and other frontal and temporo-occipital-cerebellar self-regulation areas. However, there was no progressive rIFC upregulation, correlation with ADHD-RS scores, or transfer of learning.
conclusionsContrary to the hypothesis, the study findings do not suggest that fMRI-NF of the rIFC is effective in improving clinical symptoms or cognition in boys with ADHD.
Indexed as
Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityNeurofeedbackChildCognitionDouble-Blind MethodHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleTreatment OutcomeAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)Neurodevelopmental DisordersNeurofeedbackNeuroimaging
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.