ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2023
Structural Inequality and COVID-19 Mortality in Chicago: An Ecological Analysis.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Beyond Organizational Health Promotion: Opportunities for Black Interfaith Collaboration to Build a Healthy Neighborhood in Boston, MA, USA.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Community-driven secondary distribution of COVID-19 rapid antigen home tests in high-vulnerability Chicago neighborhoods: a community case study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Community-Based Organizations Leading Research Efforts: Preliminary Findings from the Chicagoland CEAL Program's COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Intention Survey.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Association of race/ethnicity and severe housing problems with COVID-19 deaths in the United States: Analysis of the first three waves.PloS one · 2024Article
- Study protocol for a longitudinal observational study of disparities in sleep and cognition in older adults: the DISCO study.BMJ open · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundPrior studies establish that Black neighborhoods and older persons experience higher rates of COVID-19 death than white neighborhoods and younger persons. However, such works point to the effect of age on COVID-19 mortality and the racial and ethnic inequalities present in COVID-19 deaths as independent vectors of inequality, neglecting to consider the multiplicative impact of structural conditions.
methodsUsing weekly ZIP code counts of deaths from March 2020 through July 2021 from the Chicago Department of Public Health (n = 4168) and measures of structural characteristics derived from the 5-year estimates of the 2019 American Community Survey, the current study examined how place, racial composition, and the age structure of communities act in tandem to shape the number of deaths due to COVID-19. We used STATA to estimate negative binomial models predictive of COVID-19 mortality.
resultsFindings from our statistical analysis revealed that in predominately Black neighborhoods, racial composition amplified the association of age structure (65 +) on COVID-19 mortality by 40%. Neighborhoods that were not predominately black did not show this multiplicative risk of death. Our findings underscore that the elevated risk of death in in older Black communities is attributed to historic and contemporary structural inequality.
conclusionsAlthough society typically frames pandemics as natural disasters, doing such undermines dimensions of marginalization that amplify vulnerability among select populations. To begin eliminating such inequalities, the USA must deal with the entrenched limitations of institutions that render unequal attention and care to sectors of its population.
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