Current Probes for Imaging Carbonylation in Cellular Systems and Their Relevance to Progression of Diseases.

Oxidative stress resulted from reactive oxygen or nitrogen species in biological systems has a significant role in the diagnosis/progression of several human diseases. Human diseases associated with oxidative stress include Alzheimer's disease, chronic lung disease, chronic renal failure, cancer, diabetes, and fibrosis. In oxidative stress conditions, carbonylation process can be described as one of the most common modifications in biomolecules that takes place in the presence of carbonyl (C = O) groups which are introduced into molecules by direct metal-catalyzed oxidation of certain amino acids or indirectly by reaction with the oxidation of lipids and sugars. At a molecular cellular level, carbonylation can cause some defective biological consequences or chemical transformations in cells. During this process, specifically, carbonylated proteins can be accumulated in cells and trigger to develop some diseases in human body. The role of the accumulation of carbonylated proteins in the progression of several diseases has also been reported in the literature, such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity, aging, and cancer. Early detection of carbonylation process is, therefore, very critical to monitor these diseases at an early stage. Finding a suitable biomarker or probe is very challenging due to the need for multiple criteria: high fluorescence efficiency, stability, toxicity, and permeability. If they are designed with a good strategy, these probes are highly effective in cell biology applications and they can be used as good diagnostic tools for monitoring oxidative stress-induced carbonylation in relevant diseases. This review highlights the design and use of recent fluorescent probes for visualization of carbonylation in cellular systems and the relationship between oxidative stress and carbonyl species for causing long-term disease complications.