Trial reportJournal of medical Internet research2022
The Use of Smartphone Keystroke Dynamics to Passively Monitor Upper Limb and Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis: Longitudinal Analysis.
Trial report in Journal of medical Internet research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Clinical Outcomes of Passive Sensors in Remote Monitoring: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Exploring Age-Related Patterns in Smartphone Keystroke Dynamics Considering Temporal Variability: Cross-Sectional Study With AI-Based Analysis.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2025Article
- Sensors in Multiple Sclerosis.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- Longitudinal Digital Phenotyping of Multiple Sclerosis Severity Using Passively Sensed Behaviors and Ecological Momentary Assessments: Real-World Evaluation.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- A New Smartphone-Based Cognitive Screening Battery for Multiple Sclerosis (icognition): Validation Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Digital remote monitoring of people with multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Digital outcome measures are associated with brain atrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Examining Associations Between Smartphone Use and Clinical Severity in Frontotemporal Dementia: Proof-of-Concept Study.JMIR aging · 2024Article
- Digital Neuropsychology beyond Computerized Cognitive Assessment: Applications of Novel Digital Technologies.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2024Review
- Smartphone-Based Assessment of Mobility and Manual Dexterity in Adult People with Spinal Muscular Atrophy.Journal of neuromuscular diseases · 2024Article
- Keystroke Biometrics as a Tool for the Early Diagnosis and Clinical Assessment of Parkinson's Disease.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Wearable Sensor Technologies to Assess Motor Functions in People With Multiple Sclerosis: Systematic Scoping Review and Perspective.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Article
- A Review on Smartphone Keystroke Dynamics as a Digital Biomarker for Understanding Neurocognitive Functioning.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Objective Evaluation of Active Interactions between the Operator and Display Screen Equipment Using an Innovative Acquisition System.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Evidence from ClinicalTrials.gov on the growth of Digital Health Technologies in neurology trials.NPJ digital medicine · 2023Article
- Disease severity classification using passively collected smartphone-based keystroke dynamics within multiple sclerosis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTyping on smartphones, which has become a near daily activity, requires both upper limb and cognitive function. Analysis of keyboard interactions during regular typing, that is, keystroke dynamics, could therefore potentially be utilized for passive and continuous monitoring of function in patients with multiple sclerosis.
objectiveTo determine whether passively acquired smartphone keystroke dynamics correspond to multiple sclerosis outcomes, we investigated the association between keystroke dynamics and clinical outcomes (upper limb and cognitive function). This association was investigated longitudinally in order to study within-patient changes independently of between-patient differences.
methodsDuring a 1-year follow-up, arm function and information processing speed were assessed every 3 months in 102 patients with multiple sclerosis with the Nine-Hole Peg Test and Symbol Digit Modalities Test, respectively. Keystroke-dynamics data were continuously obtained from regular typing on the participants' own smartphones. Press-and-release latency of the alphanumeric keys constituted the fine motor score cluster, while latency of the punctuation and backspace keys constituted the cognition score cluster. The association over time between keystroke clusters and the corresponding clinical outcomes was assessed with linear mixed models with subjects as random intercepts. By centering around the mean and calculating deviation scores within subjects, between-subject and within-subject effects were distinguished.
resultsMean (SD) scores for the fine motor score cluster and cognition score cluster were 0.43 (0.16) and 0.94 (0.41) seconds, respectively. The fine motor score cluster was significantly associated with the Nine-Hole Peg Test: between-subject β was 15.9 (95% CI 12.2-19.6) and within-subject β was 6.9 (95% CI 2.0-11.9). The cognition score cluster was significantly associated with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test between subjects (between-subject β -11.2, 95% CI -17.3 to -5.2) but not within subjects (within-subject β -0.4, 95% CI -5.6 to 4.9).
conclusionsSmartphone keystroke dynamics were longitudinally associated with multiple sclerosis outcomes. Worse arm function corresponded with longer latency in typing both across and within patients. Worse processing speed corresponded with higher latency in using punctuation and backspace keys across subjects. Hence, keystroke dynamics are a potential digital biomarker for remote monitoring and predicting clinical outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis.
trial registrationNetherlands Trial Register NTR7268; https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR7268.
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