ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Immune defenses of the mammary gland epithelium of dairy ruminants.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of Humoral Immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 H5 HA Influenza Vaccine for Dairy Cattle.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Genetic Architecture Landscape of the Blood Metabolome in Jersey Cattle.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Effects of Prepartum Immunotropic Treatment on Growth Performance, Physiological Status, and Early-Life Adaptation of Holstein Calves.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- An RNA-sequencing analysis to determine potential upstream transcriptional regulators of essential amino acid deficiency responses in bovine mammary epithelial cells.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Prolactin and 17β-Estradiol Are Epigenetic Regulators That Modify the Effector Response of Bovine Macrophages DuringMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Integration of Transcriptomics and Mammary Epithelial Cell Models Reveals the Regulatory Mechanism of CXCR1 in E. Coli-Induced Bovine Mastitis.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Pilot Study: Soluble LPS/IgG Milk Complexes in Relationship to Early Lactation Acute Mastitis in Dairy Cows.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Investigation of BECN1-Mediated Autophagy Mechanisms Triggered by External Stimuli in Clinical Mastitis of Dairy Cows.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Targeted analysis of sphingolipids and cytokines in plasma of dairy cows after calving reveals distinct impacts of systemic inflammation, ketosis, and mastitis.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Increased Toll-Like Receptor-4 Signalling in Breast Tissue of High Fibroglandular Density.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2026Article
- The Metabolic-Immune Axis: Amino Acids and Immune Cell Dynamics in Mammary Gland Development and Remodeling.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- The effect of staphylococcal infection on cathelicidin and β-defensin mRNA levels in epithelial cells lining the mammary gland cistern.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Vitamin D metabolites reshape bovine mammary epithelial responses relevant to mastitis through host-directed mechanisms.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Morphophysiology and Hormonal Control of the Mammary Gland of the Bat Artibeus lituratus During Gestation and Lactation: Emphasis on Estradiol and Progesterone.Journal of morphology · 2025Article
- Akkermansia muciniphila-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Mastitis: Insights From In Vitro and Vivo Studies.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Role of CORO1A in Regulating Immune Homeostasis of Mammary Glands and Its Contribution to Clinical Mastitis Development in Dairy Cows.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Dairy cows develop protective immunity against reinfection with bovine H5N1 influenza virus.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Differential expression ofVeterinary world · 2025Article
- Influenza A virus in dairy cattle: infection biology and potential mammary gland-targeted vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Influence of cow and heifer categories on the hematology of Murrah buffaloes (Brazilian journal of veterinary medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The epithelium of the mammary gland (MG) fulfills three major functions: nutrition of progeny, transfer of immunity from mother to newborn, and its own defense against infection. The defense function of the epithelium requires the cooperation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) with intraepithelial leucocytes, macrophages, DCs, and resident lymphocytes. The MG is characterized by the secretion of a large amount of a nutrient liquid in which certain bacteria can proliferate and reach a considerable bacterial load, which has conditioned how the udder reacts against bacterial invasions. This review presents how the mammary epithelium perceives bacteria, and how it responds to the main bacterial genera associated with mastitis. MECs are able to detect the presence of actively multiplying bacteria in the lumen of the gland: they express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) released by the growing bacteria. Interactions with intraepithelial leucocytes fine-tune MECs responses. Following the onset of inflammation, new interactions are established with lymphocytes and neutrophils recruited from the blood. The mammary epithelium also identifies and responds to antigens, which supposes an antigen-presenting capacity. Its responses can be manipulated with drugs, plant extracts, probiotics, and immune modifiers, in order to increase its defense capacities or reduce the damage related to inflammation. Numerous studies have established that the mammary epithelium is a genuine effector of both innate and adaptive immunity. However, knowledge gaps remain and newly available tools offer the prospect of exciting research to unravel and exploit the multiple capacities of this particular epithelium.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.