ArticleOxidative medicine and cellular longevity2022
Bradykinin and Galectin-3 in Survived and Deceased Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: An Increasingly Promising Biochemical Target.
Article in Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serum Apelin-13 and Galectin-3 in COVID-19: Associations With Routine Biochemical Parameters and Diagnostic Performance in a Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2026Article
- The main protease (MCommunications biology · 2025Article
- Long term follow-up of heart rate variability in healthcare workers with mild COVID-19.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: There are still no definite curative or preventive strategies for COVID-19 disease. It is crucial to fully comprehend the pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection so that we can develop expedient pharmacological protocols. While the impact of cytokine storm on COVID-19 severity has been one of the most tested hypotheses, the role of bradykinin and various other oxidative stress markers has been relatively under-researched. Their levels can be determined immediately after a hospital admission so they could be used as early predictors of the further development of the disease. Aim: The study aims at evaluating the possibility of using bradykinin and galectin-3 levels as early predictors that COVID-19 disease will progress into a severe case. Results: The patients who passed away were predominantly older men with comorbidities. We recorded higher CT scores in the deceased patients and the significantly higher levels of urea, creatinine, CK, troponine, CRP, and other laboratory markers. They stayed at the ICU unit longer and required mechanical ventilation more frequently than the patients who survived. On the other hand, no differences were recorded in the time periods passing from the onset of the systems to the hospital admissions. Finally, we can highlight several independent predictors of mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, including the following: (1) patients who are 50 or more years old, (2) with in-hospital stays are longer that 4 days, (3) bradykinin levels surpass 220000 pg/ml, (4) D-dimer, creatinine, and CRP are elevated, and (5) comorbidities were present (such as hypertension and diabetes). Conclusion: The present study strongly supports the bradykinin storm hypothesis. Since elevated bradykinin levels have been found in most COVID-19 cases with fatal outcomes, the future therapeutical strategies for COVID-19 have to be focused on reducing bradykinin serum concentrations.
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