ArticleSouthern African journal of infectious diseases2022
Antibiotic consumption by Access, Watch and Reserve index in public sector of Limpopo province, South Africa: 2014-2018.
Article in Southern African journal of infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antimicrobial Consumption and Utilisation in Zambia: Results from the Analysis of National Data for the Human and Animal Health Sectors.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Utilisation of antibiotics in a community pharmacy: A case from north-west, South Africa.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2025Article
- National antibiotic consumption for human use in Chad (2017-2021): a descriptive cross-sectional study.Frontiers in antibiotics · 2025Article
- Article
- Assessment of antibiotic consumption patterns in hospital and primary healthcare using WHO Access, Watch and Reserve classification (AWaRe) in Sichuan Western China: 2020.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
- Antibiotic Dispensing Practices Among Community Retail Pharmacies and Registered Drugstores: Results from a Simulated Client Study in Lilongwe, Malawi.Integrated pharmacy research & practice · 2024Article
- Antibiotic prescribing to inpatients in Limpopo, South Africa: a multicentre point-prevalence survey.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) classified antibiotics into three categories in 2017 - Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) - intending to reduce the consumption of Watch and Reserve antibiotics while increasing the use of Access antibiotics. Antibiotic consumption by AWaRe in South Africa is undetermined because of data and research scarcity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to quantify, describe and track antibiotic consumption between 2014 and 2018 in the public sector of the Limpopo province, South Africa, using the WHO's AWaRe classification for 2021. Method: Antibiotic consumption was quantified from pharmaceutical sales data for 2014-2018 by defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) and described according to the AWaRe classification. The change in antibiotic consumption was measured by compound annual growth rate (CAGR), Access-to-Watch index (AW-I), 75% drug utilisation index (DU75%) and amoxicillin index (AI). Results: The absolute consumption of Access antibiotics decreased by a 4.0% CAGR from 3.7 DID in 2014 to 3.0 DID in 2018, with relative consumption remaining above 80.0%. Relative consumption of Watch antibiotics increased by 15.8% CAGR from 7.8% in 2014 to 19.7% by 2018. The AW-I decreased from 10.4 in 2015 to 4.1 in 2018. The AI increased from 17.8% in 2015 to 42.0% in 2018. Parenteral formulations' DU75% comprised one Watch (ceftriaxone) and two Access (metronidazole and benzylpenicillin) antibiotics. Conclusion: In Limpopo province's public sector, the consumption of Watch antibiotics increased, while Access antibiotics consumption decreased, as reflected by both relative consumption and the decrease in the AW-I. The determinants of the Watch antibiotics increase require research attention. Contribution: Our study addressed the paucity of surveillance and research data on antibiotic consumption in the Limpopo province, South Africa, according to the WHO AWaRe classification.
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