ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence reports2022
The role of increasing pharmacy and community distributed naloxone in the opioid overdose epidemic in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York City.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Customizing and fine-tuning opioid overdose machine learning models for community-specific dashboards.Journal of big data · 2026Article
- Illicit drug supply, naloxone availability, and overdose mortality in the fentanyl era: a systematic review.Health affairs scholar · 2026Review
- A geospatial analysis of naloxone distribution patterns in the Massachusetts overdose education and naloxone distribution program (MA OEND).Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- CTN-0138: adaptation, implementation, and cluster randomized trial of a Community Pharmacy-Based Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Opioid Risk Assessment Tool-a protocol paper.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2024Article
- The association between naloxone claims and proportion of independent versus chain pharmacies: A longitudinal analysis of naloxone claims in the United States.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Naloxone distributed to people at risk for opioid overdose has been associated with reduced overdose death rates; however, associations of retail pharmacy-distributed naloxone with overdose mortality have not been evaluated. Methods: Our analytic cohort uses retail pharmacy claims data; three health departments' community distribution data; federal opioid overdose data; and American Community Survey data. Data were analyzed by 3-digit ZIP Code and calendar quarter-year (2016Q1-2018Q4), and weighted by population. We regressed opioid-related overdose mortality on retail-pharmacy and community naloxone distribution, and community-level demographics using a linear model, hypothesizing that areas with high overdose rates would have higher current levels of naloxone distribution but that increasing naloxone distribution from one quarter to the next would be associated with lower overdose. Results: From Q1-2016 to Q4-2018, the unadjusted naloxone distribution rate increased from 97 to 257 kits per 100,000 persons, while the unadjusted opioid overdose mortality rate fell from 8.1 to 7.2 per 100,000 persons. The concurrent level of naloxone distribution (both pharmacy and community) was positively and significantly associated with fatal opioid overdose rates. We did not detect associations between change in naloxone distribution rates and overdose mortality. Conclusion: Naloxone distribution volumes were correlated with fatal opioid overdose, suggesting medication was getting to communities where it was needed most. Amid high rates of overdose driven by fentanyl in the drug supply, our findings suggest additional prevention, treatment, and harm reduction interventions are required-and dramatically higher naloxone volumes needed-to reverse the opioid overdose crisis in the US.
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