ArticleBiological psychiatry2023
The Relationship of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization and Population-Based Sibling Comparison Study.
Registry-linked trialOpen access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Biological psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07664631 (Effects of Stimulant Medications in PTSD), which is not on this map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
5.1field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
NCT07664631 phase1not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation
Effects of Stimulant Medications in PTSD
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder adult comorbidity: a systematic review.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Genome-wide association analyses identify 95 risk loci and provide insights into the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder.Nature genetics · 2024Pooled it
- Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes in Youth with Comorbid ADHD and PTSD: Insights from Real-World Data.Journal of attention disorders · 2026Article
- Causal inference in psychiatric research: how to critically evaluate and interpret mendelian randomization studies.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Beyond diagnostic categories: sensory processing as a transdiagnostic mechanism in autism, ADHD, and PTSD - a neuropsychoanalytic conceptual analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: discoveries and directions.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2025Review
- Sex-stratified Genomic Structural Equation Models of Posttraumatic Stress Inform PTSD Etiology: L'utilisation de la modélisation génomique par équations structurelles stratifiée par sexe du stress post-traumatique pour expliquer l'étiologie du TSPT.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2025Article
- A genetic exploration of the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular diseases.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Changes in parental attitudes toward attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder impairment over time.JCPP advances · 2024Article
- Estimating the direct effects of the genetic liabilities to bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and behavioral traits on suicide attempt using a multivariable Mendelian randomization approach.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Genetic contribution to the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders.Psychiatry research · 2024Article
- Rates of Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress in a Pediatric Digital Mental Health Intervention: Retrospective Analysis of Associations With Anxiety and Depressive Symptom Improvement Over Time.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2024Article
- Primary aldosteronism and lower-extremity arterial disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2023Article
- Causal associations between female reproductive behaviors and psychiatric disorders: a lifecourse Mendelian randomization study.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- An overview on neurobiology and therapeutics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Discover mental health · 2023Review
- Effects of the interaction between PTSD and ADHD symptoms on the level of reporting psychotic-like experiences: findings from a non-clinical population.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study about the role of morning plasma cortisol in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 7 institutions in 7 countries.
Frank R WendtDivision of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Miguel Garcia-ArgibaySchool of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
Brenda Cabrera-MendozaDivision of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.
Unnur A ValdimarsdóttirCenter of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Joel GelernterDivision of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut.
Murray B SteinDepartment of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
Michel G NivardDepartment of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Adam X MaihoferDepartment of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
Caroline M NievergeltDepartment of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
Henrik LarssonSchool of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Manuel MattheisenDepartment of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Renato PolimantiDivision of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut. Electronic address: renato.polimanti@yale.edu.
Sandra M MeierDepartment of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Electronic address: sandra.meier@iwk.nshealth.ca.
Genomics (United Kingdom) · GBVA Connecticut Healthcare System · USVA San Diego Healthcare System · USDalhousie University · CAÖrebro University · SEUC San Diego Health System · USUniversity of Iceland · IS
Funding
Psychiatric Genomics Consortium for PTSDR01MH106595 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI KARESTAN C KOENEN, Caroline M Nievergelt · 2016 to 2026
$8.4M2/7 Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: Advancing Discovery and ImpactR01MH124851 · NIMH · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI BOERGLUM, ANDERS, DAVIS, LEA K · 2021 to 2025
$5.4MMultimodal Approaches to Neurobiology of Traumatic DissociationR01MH119227 · NIMH · MCLEAN HOSPITAL · PI KAUFMAN, MILISSA L · 2020 to 2024
$3.7MDissecting the Multivariate Genetic Architecture of Psychiatric DiseasesR01MH120219 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI NIVARD, MICHEL GUILLAUME, TUCKER-DROB, ELLIOT MAX · 2020 to 2024
$3.3M4/7 Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: Advancing Discovery and ImpactR01MH124847 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI NIEVERGELT, CAROLINE M, SEBAT, JONATHAN · 2021 to 2025
$2.1MInvestigating the Systems Genetics of the Patterns of Polysubstance Abuse and AddictionR33DA047527 · NIDA · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI POLIMANTI, RENATO · 2021 to 2023
$2.0MCharacterizing the Neurobiology of Pathological Dissociation: Mechanisms of Face Perception and Self Referential ProcessingK01MH118467 · NIMH · MCLEAN HOSPITAL · PI LEBOIS, LAUREN ANN MCDONOUGH · 2019 to 2022
$679kGenome-wide Investigation of the Interplay Between Age-Related Hearing Loss and Smoking BehaviorsR21DC018098 · NIDCD · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI POLIMANTI, RENATO · 2019 to 2021
$440kDecoding the Sex-Specific Biological Mechanisms of Psychiatric Disorders Using Genome-Wide AnalysesF32MH122058 · NIMH · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI WENDT, FRANK · 2020 to 2021
$118kNIDA NIH HHS R33 DA047527NIDCD NIH HHS R21 DC018098NIMH NIH HHS F32 MH122058NIMH NIH HHS K01 MH118467NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH106595NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH119227NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH120219NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124847NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH124851RRD VA IK2 RX002922
Abstract
backgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated, but it is unclear if this is a causal relationship or confounding. We used genetic analyses and sibling comparisons to clarify the direction of this relationship.
methodsLinkage disequilibrium score regression and 2-sample Mendelian randomization were used to test for genetic correlation (r
resultsADHD and PTSD had consistent r
conclusionsOur findings add novel evidence supporting the need for early and effective treatment of ADHD, as patients with this diagnosis are at significantly higher risk to develop PTSD later in life.
Indexed as
Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMendelian Randomization AnalysisSiblingsADHDCausal inferenceComorbiditiesEpidemiologyGenome-wide association studyPTSD
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Registered trials
NCT07664631ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.