ReviewNeuropharmacology2023
Sex differences in fear responses: Neural circuits.
Review in Neuropharmacology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of acid-sensing ion channel-1A on conditioned fear memory are age-dependent.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
- A novel finding on sex-dependent diverse behavioral responses to the anticipation of a threat in a rat model of fear conditioning with the involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the prefrontal cortex.Learning & behavior · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent Schizophrenia and Drug Reward Behavioral Phenotypes in Metabotropic Glutamate 5 Receptor Heterozygous and Homozygous Mice.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- A novel interoceptive subfornical organ to infralimbic cortex mechanism relays airway inflammation effects on fear extinction.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- The Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder Prediction Based on AI-Assisted EEG Dynamic Features in Anesthetized Mice.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Effects of Sex Differences on Conditioned Fear Extinction and Safety Learning in C57BL/6J Mice.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Activity of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Neurons in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Reduces Anxiety-Potentiated Startle in Female Rats in an Estrous Phase-Dependent Manner.Biological psychiatry · 2026Article
- The lateral septum orchestrates state-dependent modulation of associative threat memory dynamics across the ovarian hormone cycle.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A novel interoceptive subfornical organ to infralimbic cortex mechanism relays airway inflammation effects on fear extinction.Research square · 2026Article
- An amygdala-cortical circuit for encoding generalized fear memories.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Differential effects of cannabidiol on inhibitory avoidance memory reconsolidation and consolidation are associated with distinct hippocampal proBDNF and BDNF signaling profiles.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Ensembles and engrams in mouse cortical and sub-thalamic brain regions supporting context and memory recall.Neurobiology of learning and memory · 2026Article
- Integrating Aversive Memories in the Basolateral Amygdala.Biological psychiatry · 2025Review
- Profiling mouse behavior with computational tools to assess age-dependent differences in associative learning.Cell reports methods · 2025Article
- PACAP a mediator of inflammation following trauma exposure and mild traumatic brain injury: Differential effects in males and females.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Combinatorial targeting of NMDARs and 5-HTAlzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Article
- The interval between conditional stimulus onset and unconditional stimulus onset, not training-to-test interval, determines patterns of immediate early gene expression in the anterior retrosplenial cortex.Neurobiology of learning and memory · 2025Article
- Interindividual and sex differences in resilience and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): insights from animal models.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Exploring individual differences in fear extinction in male and female mice: insights from HPA axis, microbiota, and transcriptomics.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- High ovarian hormones present during fear extinction reduce fear relapse through a nigrostriatal dopamine pathway.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Women have increased vulnerability to PTSD and anxiety disorders compared to men. Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of these disorders is critical for identifying risk factors and developing appropriate sex-specific interventions. Despite the clear clinical relevance of an examination of sex differences in fear responses, the vast majority of pre-clinical research on fear learning and memory formation has exclusively used male animals. This review highlights sex differences in context and cued fear conditioning, fear extinction and fear generalization with a focus on the neural circuits underlying these behaviors in rodents. There are mixed reports of behavioral sex differences in context and cued fear conditioning paradigms, which can depend upon the behavioral indices of fear. However, there is greater evidence of differential activation of the hippocampus, amygdalar nuclei and the prefrontal cortical regions in male and female rodents during context and cued fear conditioning. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a sexually dimorphic structure, is of particular interest as it differentially contributes to fear responses in males and females. In addition, while the influence of the estrous cycle on different phases of fear conditioning is delineated, the clearest modulatory effect of estrogen is on fear extinction processes. Examining the variability in neural responses and behavior in both sexes should increase our understanding of how that variability contributes to the neurobiology of affective disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Fear, anxiety and PTSD'.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.