ReviewNeuron2022
Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads.
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Review in Neuron, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1,214 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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1,214citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
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Who cites it
1,214 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Multimodal microglial and kynurenine pathway alterations across the affective-psychosis spectrum: a systematic review of patterns, heterogeneity, and dimensional implications.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of single-nucleus expression quantitative trait loci linking genetic risk to brain disorders.Nature genetics · 2026Pooled it
- Microglial Labeling in Mouse Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of Timing, Efficacy, and Specificity.Glia · 2026Review
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- Vitamin D alleviates intracerebral hemorrhage symptoms by modulating pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory phenotypic transformation of microglia through P2X7R activation of NLRP3.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
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- Context-dependent effects of microglial MyD88 removal on voluntary ethanol consumption in mice.Neuropharmacology · 2026Article
- Cannabidiol in Alzheimer's disease: evidence-weighted molecular mechanisms and translational challenges.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- TSPO-PET binding in vivo reflects increased phagocytic microglia at post mortem in people with frontotemporal dementia.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Article
- Failure of Neuroinflammatory Resolution in Brain Aging: Molecular Mechanisms and an Integrative Framework of Microglial Inflammometabolic Locking.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Microglia in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Emerging Concepts of Microglial Heterogeneity.Neurochemical research · 2026Review
- Peripheral and cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis an exploratory cross-sectional association study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Translational modelling of human microglia from cultures to chimeras.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- PPARγ Signaling in the Central Nervous System: A Review of the Implications in Synaptic Plasticity, Neuroinflammatory and Neoplastic Processes.Neurochemical research · 2026Review
- A novel hydrogen persulfide donor HPD1 alleviated LPS-induced neuroinflammation by modulating glial polarization through TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB pathway.Redox biology · 2026Article
- Beyond Histamine Blockade: Clemastine Fumarate as a Promoter of Myelin Regeneration, Inflammatory Regulation, and Neuroimmune Modulation in CNS Disorders.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Review
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- CD11c + microglia: From basic research to clinical application.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Pharmacological modulation of cGAS-STING-NLRP3 signaling by nano-immunomodulators in Alzheimer and Parkinson disease.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Effects of phytocannabinoids, synthetic and semi-synthetic cannabinoids on microglia and astrocytes: Review of neuroinflammatory mechanisms.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2026Review
1,154 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
96 authors.
Rosa C PaolicelliDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: rosachiara.paolicelli@unil.ch.
Amanda SierraAchucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Glial Cell Biology Lab, Leioa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain. Electronic address: amanda.sierra@ehu.eus.
Beth StevensBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, (HHMI), MD, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: beth.stevens@childrens.harvard.edu.
Marie-Eve TremblayCentre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Electronic address: evetremblay@uvic.ca.
Adriano AguzziInstitute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Bahareh AjamiDepartment of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, USA.
Ido AmitDepartment of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
Etienne AudinatInstitut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
Ingo BechmannInstitute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Mariko BennettChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Frederick BennettChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Alain BessisÉcole Normale Supérieure, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.
Knut BiberNeuroscience Discovery, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
Staci BilboDepartments of Psychology & Neuroscience, Neurobiology, and Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Mathew Blurton-JonesCenter for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Erik BoddekeDepartment Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Dora BritesResearch Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
Bert BrôneBIOMED Research Institute, University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium.
Guy C BrownDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Oleg ButovskyAnn Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Monica J CarsonCenter for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA.
Bernardo CastellanoUnidad de Histología Medica, Depto. Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Marco ColonnaDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Sally A CowleyJames and Lillian Martin Centre for Stem Cell Research, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Colm CunninghamSchool of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
Dimitrios DavalosDepartment of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Philip L De JagerCenter for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
Bart de StrooperUK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Adam Denes"Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
Bart J L EggenDepartment of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Ukpong EyoDepartment of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Elena GaleaInstitut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica, Unitat de Bioquímica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
Sonia GarelInstitut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France; College de France, Paris, France.
Florent GinhouxSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
Christopher K GlassUniversity of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Ozgun GokceInstitute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig Maximillian's University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Diego Gomez-NicolaSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
Berta GonzálezUnidad de Histología Medica, Depto. Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología and Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Siamon GordonChang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan (ROC); Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK.
Manuel B GraeberKen Parker Brain Tumour Research Laboratories, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
Andrew D GreenhalghLydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Pierre GressensUniversité Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France.
Melanie GreterInstitute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
David H GutmannDepartment of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Christian HaassDivision of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munchen, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); Munich, Germany.
Michael T HenekaLuxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
Frank L HeppnerDepartment of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Soyon HongUK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK.
David A HumeMater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Steffen JungDepartment of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
Helmut KettenmannMax-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
Jonathan KipnisCenter for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Ryuta KoyamaLaboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Greg LemkeMNL-L, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Marina LynchTrinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
Ania MajewskaDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Marzia MalcangioWolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Tarja MalmUniversity of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Renzo MancusoMicroglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Takahiro MasudaDepartment of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan.
Michela MatteoliHumanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy.
Barry W McCollUK Dementia Research Institute, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.
Veronique E MironMRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.
Anna Victoria MolofskyUniversity of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Michelle MonjeHoward Hughes Medical Institute, (HHMI), MD, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Eva MracskoRoche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland.
Agnes NadjarNeurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
Jonas J NeherGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Urte NeniskyteVU LSC-EMBL Partnership for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Harald NeumannInstitute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Mami NodaLaboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, China.
Bo PengDepartment of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Francesca PeriDepartment of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
V Hugh PerryUK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Phillip G PopovichDepartment of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Clare PridansUniversity of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK.
Josef PrillerDepartment of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, Berlin, Germany; University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK.
Marco PrinzInstitute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Davide RagozzinoDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy.
Richard M RansohoffThird Rock Ventures, Boston, MA, USA.
Michael W SalterHospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Anne SchaeferNash Family Department of Neuroscience, Center for Glial Biology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Koeln, Germany.
Dorothy P SchaferDepartment of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
Michal SchwartzDepartment of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
Mikael SimonsInstitute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.
Cody J SmithGalvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Wolfgang J StreitDepartment of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Tuan Leng TayFaculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Li-Huei TsaiBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Alexei VerkhratskyAchucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Glial Cell Biology Lab, Leioa, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Spain; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Rommy von BernhardiFaculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile.
Hiroaki WakeDepartment of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
Valérie WittamerInstitut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
Susanne A WolfCharité Universitätsmedizin, Experimental Ophthalmology and Neuroimmunology, Berlin, Germany.
Long-Jun WuDepartment of Neurology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Tony Wyss-CorayDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Funding
Overcoming Neurogenic “Meta-Inflammation” to Promote Recovery After Spinal Cord InjuryR35NS111582 · NINDS · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI PHILLIP G POPOVICH · 2019 to 2026
$8.7MNeuroprotective signaling and transcriptional pathways in microglia associated with Alzheimer's diseaseR01AG072489 · NIA · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI ALISON M GOATE, Anne Schaefer · 2022 to 2026
$6.3MAge-dependent activation of microglia inflammatory state and its epigenetic modulationRF1AG068558 · NIA · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI SCHAEFER, ANNE, TARAKHOVSKY, ALEXANDER · 2020 to 2020
$3.0MMicroglia mediated suppression of dopamine induced neuronal responses and behaviorR01MH118329 · NIMH · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI SCHAEFER, ANNE · 2019 to 2023
$2.1MTranscriptional Control of Microglia Diversification and InflammationR01NS106721 · NINDS · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI SCHAEFER, ANNE, TARAKHOVSKY, ALEXANDER · 2020 to 2024
$2.0MChief Scientist Office CGA/18/46Medical Research Council MC_EX_MR/N50192X/1Medical Research Council MR/P024572/1Medical Research Council MR/V031260/1Medical Research Council MR/V032925/1NINDS NIH HHS R35 NS111582Parkinson's UK J-0901
Abstract
Microglial research has advanced considerably in recent decades yet has been constrained by a rolling series of dichotomies such as "resting versus activated" and "M1 versus M2." This dualistic classification of good or bad microglia is inconsistent with the wide repertoire of microglial states and functions in development, plasticity, aging, and diseases that were elucidated in recent years. New designations continuously arising in an attempt to describe the different microglial states, notably defined using transcriptomics and proteomics, may easily lead to a misleading, although unintentional, coupling of categories and functions. To address these issues, we assembled a group of multidisciplinary experts to discuss our current understanding of microglial states as a dynamic concept and the importance of addressing microglial function. Here, we provide a conceptual framework and recommendations on the use of microglial nomenclature for researchers, reviewers, and editors, which will serve as the foundations for a future white paper.
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