ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2023
The effect of race and co-morbidities on Alzheimer's disease based on Medicare data.
Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of comorbidities in the associations between air pollution and Alzheimer's disease: A national cohort study in the American Medicare population.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Quality of life, religion/spirituality, and dementia risk among Black people in the US.Aging & mental health · 2025Observational
- Article
- Associations between Ultrafine Particles and Incident Dementia in Older Adults.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Association Between Race and Comorbid Conditions Among Older Adults with Dementia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Neuroimaging correlates of Alzheimer's disease biomarker concentrations in a racially diverse high-risk cohort of middle-aged adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionAlzheimer's disease (AD) incidence is thought to be higher among Black than White individuals.
methodsWe studied the US Medicare population from 2000 to 2018. Cox regression was used to determine the roles of race and co-morbidities for AD incidence.
resultsWe studied 11,880,906 Medicare beneficiaries, with 774,548 AD cases. Hazard ratios (HRs) by increasing numbers of co-morbidities (1-7) were 1.51, 2.00, 2.55, 3.16, 2.89, 4.77, and 5.65. Among those with no co-morbidities, Black individuals had a lower rate than those who are White (HR = 0.69), while among those with one more co-morbidities, Black individuals had a higher rate (HR = 1.19). The presence of hypertension increased AD rates by 14% for White individuals, but 69% for those who are Black. DISCUSSION: More co-morbidities was strongly associated with higher AD rates. The higher rates for Black versus White individuals was apparent only for those with co-morbidities and appears driven both by more co-morbidities, and the greater effect of hypertension. HIGHLIGHTS: Black individuals have been shown to have higher Alzheimer's disease (AD) rates than those who are White. Some co-morbidities are known to increase AD risk. Among those In Medicare data with no co-morbidities, Black individuals have less risk than those who are White. Among those with co-morbidities, Black individuals have higher rates than those who are White. Hypertension results in a much stronger increase in AD risk for Black versus White individuals.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.