Transformer maze for the evaluation of the learning and memory in rodents.

Background: Currently, different types of mazes are used to assess spatial learning and memory of rodents. The typical disadvantage is the inability to separate and exclude coincidences of the result of random choice with the correct one. The other problem is the impossibility of knowing whether the animal is guided by particular cues of the environment, or a map. New method: Our novel transformer maze can be used to test learning and memory of rodents and their navigation. It is a multiple T-maze with passages in the interior walls. Its modular design allows to quickly change routes. The task can include external signals; for example, the colors of the interior walls, or it can be used without any cues. Results: We compared Wistar and dopamine transporter heterozygous (DAT-HET) rats' behavior in this novel paradigm using the black color of the wall as a cue. Entering a cul-de-sac compartment was considered an error. While Wistar rats learned the rule abruptly with the total number of errors rapidly decreasing, DAT-HET rats' errors decreased gradually. We suppose that this reflects different strategies: insightful learning behavior is typical for Wistar rats, and trial-and-error learning is typical for DAT-HET rats. Comparison with existing methods: The diversity of the chains of choices gives us confidence that trained animals do not make a choice randomly and are guided precisely by the cues. Moreover, we propose to use the same arena for a task with route-based navigation without any cues, and for a task with a visible and invisible feeder to study the path integration navigation within one box. Conclusions: We suggest that the transformer maze could be a valuable tool for behavioral and pharmacological research to study learning, memory and navigation mechanisms.