ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2022
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in osteosarcoma: A hopeful and challenging future.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed.
- New biological insights into osteosarcoma-lessons from single cell sequencing studies.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
- Reply to Letter to the Editor: Deep learning for accurate tumour volume measurement and prediction of therapy response in paediatric osteosarcoma.European radiology · 2026Article
- Non-viral TcBuster transposon engineering of CD70-CAR natural killer cells for the treatment of osteosarcoma.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- The MDM2-p53 Axis in Osteosarcoma: Current Understanding of Regulatory Mechanisms and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Unaltered NKG2D-CAR T cell function under hypoxia in osteosarcoma in vitro.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Photodynamically Sensitized Mitochondrial-Damage Amplification Strategy Promotes Pyroptosis-Induced Immunotherapy of Osteosarcoma.Biomaterials research · 2026Article
- Targeting the osteosarcoma immune microenvironment for improved immunotherapy and translational applications.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- LIG1 overexpression enhances DNA repair and immune escape leading to poor prognosis in osteosarcoma.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Decoding osteosarcoma from heterogeneity to precision therapy.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Microenvironmental and Molecular Pathways Driving Dormancy Escape in Bone Metastases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Exploiting B7-H3: Molecular Insights and Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Osteosarcoma.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Development and validation of a novel disulfidptosis-related gene signature for prediction of survival and immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma by WGCNA analysis.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Overcoming barriers in primary bone cancer: Nanomaterial-enabled immunotherapy.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Exploring the Tumor Microenvironment in Osteosarcoma: Driver of Resistance and Progression.Cancers · 2025Review
- PD-L1 expression assessment in Angiosarcoma improves with artificial intelligence support.Journal of pathology informatics · 2025Article
- Systemic strategies for osteosarcoma: advances and future directions.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with poor response to neoadjuvant therapy and poor survival in pediatric osteosarcoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Decoding Osteosarcoma's Lactylation Gene Expression: Insights Into Prognosis, Immune Dynamics, and Treatment.Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) · 2025Article
- Whole-Exome Analysis and Osteosarcoma: A Game Still Open.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- PD-1 interactome in osteosarcoma: identification of a novel PD-1/AXL interaction conserved between humans and dogs.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common malignant tumor in the musculoskeletal system, mainly occurs in adolescents. OS results in high mortality and disability rates due to a fatal metastatic tendency and subsequent iatrogenic damage caused by surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Recently, immunotherapies have resulted in promising prognoses with reduced side effects compared with traditional therapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which are a representative immunotherapy for OS, enhance the antitumor effects of immune cells. ICIs have shown satisfactory outcomes in other kinds of malignant tumors, especially hemopoietic tumors. However, there is still a high percentage of failures or severe side effects associated with the use of ICIs to treat OS, leading to far worse outcomes. To reveal the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance and side effects, recent studies elucidated several possible reasons, including the activation of other inhibitory immune cells, low immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, different immune properties of OS subtypes, and the involvement of osteogenesis and osteolysis. According to these mechanisms, researchers have developed new methods to overcome the shortcomings of ICIs. This review summarizes the recent breakthroughs in the use of ICIs to treat OS. Although numerous issues have not been solved yet, ICIs are still the most promising treatment options to cure OS in the long run.
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