ReviewBiological psychiatry global open science2022
Are Fear and Anxiety Truly Distinct?
Review in Biological psychiatry global open science, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Fear of cancer occurrence in breast cancer previvors: a scoping review of the literature.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Pre-treatment functional connectivity patterns associated with variability in cognitive-behavioral therapy response in specific phobia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Stigma of concerns about falling among older adults.European geriatric medicine · 2026Article
- Metabolic Brain Disorders: Prodromes, Symptoms, and Syndromes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Perioperative Anxiety in Adults: A Narrative Review of Pathophysiology, Assessment, and Multimodal Management Strategies.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Fear, anxiety, and the extended amygdala-absence of evidence for strict functional segregation.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2026Article
- Generalized Isometric Sustained Contraction During Apnea Combined with Relaxation for Anxiety: A First Evaluation.Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH · 2026Article
- Prenatal and neonatal housing conditions affect anxiety-like behavior in adulthood in rats and interact with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met to alter expression of BDNF and stress markers in the ventral hippocampus.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Article
- 'Remember, You Are Not Alone': A Qualitative Internet-Mediated Study of Anxiety Among Adolescents on Reddit.International journal of mental health nursing · 2025Article
- Fear, anxiety, and the extended amygdala-bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of zebrafish fear responses to eight different fish species using three-dimensional locomotion-tracking assays.Biology open · 2025Article
- Addressing Altered Anticipation as a Transdiagnostic Target Through Computational Psychiatry.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2025Review
- Article
- Anxiety in Outdoor Experiential Education: Examining Predictors, Sources, and Implications for Program Design.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A Shared Threat-Anticipation Circuit Is Dynamically Engaged at Different Moments by Certain and Uncertain Threat.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- A shared threat-anticipation circuit is dynamically engaged at different moments by certain and uncertain threat.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Unraveling sex differences in maternal and paternal care impacts on social behaviors and neurobiological responses to early-life adversity.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2025Review
- Research progress on the neural circuits mechanisms of anxiety.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2025Review
- Association Between Sensation Seeking and Fear Response: Interventional Study of Personality and Behavior Using a Virtual Reality Heights Simulation.JMIR XR and spatial computing · 2025Article
- Wind energy development in Norway: exploring the emotional landscape.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Fear and anxiety are largely seen as separate entities, a distinction that inspires and shapes basic and clinical research. Evidence for this distinction has a rich translational base and comes from physiological, behavioral, and neurobiological studies. However, there is a high degree of inconsistency and a number of fundamental limitations that lead us to question the validity of the distinction. We consider a range of studies examining specifically whether and how the distinction may manifest at the neural, physiological, and behavioral levels, and we highlight a number of inconsistencies that call the distinction into question. We go on to critically examine assumptions in approaches to the fear-anxiety distinction and consider the implications that these assumptions may have in weighing evidence for and against the distinction. Acknowledging the contention over whether emotion research in animals is easily translatable to subjective experience in humans, we conclude that although the distinction between fear and anxiety has proved useful and informative, there are a number of reasons for recognizing that it is an oversimplification and that future progress may be guided, but should not be limited, by it.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.