ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2022
Effect of Gender on Clinical Presentation of Tuberculosis (TB) and Age-Specific Risk of TB, and TB-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence and associated factors of post-tuberculosis lung disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and burden of HIV-TB co-infection among pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2026Review
- Epidemiology of geriatric tuberculosis: a five-year retrospective study from a tertiary care hospital in India.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Tuberculosis notification trends and treatment outcomes in Bangladesh: findings from a National TB Program data, 2019-2021.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Tuberculosis: An Ongoing Global Threat.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Article
- Assessing the association between elements of health inequalities and the risk of bacterial infection in high-income countries: a systematic scoping review.Access microbiology · 2026Review
- Determinants of tuberculosis presentation and successful treatment outcome among tuberculosis patients in Geita, Tanzania.PloS one · 2026Article
- A retrospective analysis of tuberculosis notification trends and spatial distribution in South Africa, 2005-2012.Discover public health · 2026Article
- Eight-year tuberculosis epidemic trends in the Republic of Congo, a high TB burden country: progress and gaps towards end-TB targets.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB/RIF, Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra, and Truenat MTB assays on non-pulmonary samples from suspected cases of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB).European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis Trends in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Is It Going to be a Global Concern?Health science reports · 2025Article
- Central nervous system tuberculosis in Western Sydney: a 10-year retrospective cohort study.Internal medicine journal · 2025Article
- Age-specific relationship between HIV and TB treatment outcomes in the West Region of Cameroon: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- A High Burden of Infectious Tuberculosis Cases Among Older Children and Young Adolescents of the Female Gender in Ethiopia.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Factors associated with successful treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients in a district municipality of Vhembe, Limpopo.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2025Article
- Post-TB sequelae in adolescent pulmonary TB survivors.IJTLD open · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis in transit: risk factors in Tanzania's high-mobility border regions.The Pan African medical journal · 2025Article
- Understanding the epidemiology of TB-HIV co-infection in Indonesia: evidence from the 2023 national TB registry.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Hotspots in Oliver Reginald Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa.Infectious disease reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have shown gender differences in tuberculosis (TB) incidence; however, gender disparity has not been well documented across granular categorizations of anatomic sites affected by TB and in the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, largely due to small sample size for less common TB clinical presentations and lack of detailed clinical data. Methods: The study population included TB cases aged ≥15 years ( Results: Males were at a 53% higher risk of TB compared to females (risk ratio [RR] = 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-2.09). Based on adjusted odds ratios (aORs) from multinomial logistic regression model, the odds of abdominal TB (aOR = 0.51; 95% CI, .39-.68), TB bones/joints/spine (aOR = 0.63; 95% CI, .45-.90), and "other" extrapulmonary TB sites (aOR = 0.69; 95% CI = .59-.81) versus pulmonary TB were lower among males compared to females. The risk of TB-HIV coinfection among males was 17% (RR = .83; 95% CI, .74-.93) and 8% (RR = 0.92; 95% CI, .88-.95) lower in the 15- to 24-year and 25- to 44-year age groups, respectively. Conclusions: This study revealed a nuanced role of gender across finer categorizations of TB, indicating the need for future research to delineate underlying mechanisms driving gender disparities in TB. The finding that women had a greater likelihood of severe forms of TB and TB-HIV coinfection compared to men has important implications for women's health in TB-HIV high-burden settings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.