ArticleAlzheimer's research & therapy2022
Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease: plasma MMP-9 and markers of disease severity.
Article in Alzheimer's research & therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences inFrontiers in dementia · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal Immune Activation Leads to Lasting Sex-Specific Changes in Behavior and Hippocampal Morphological and Molecular Features in 12-Month-Old Rat Offspring.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Potential Use of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Physical activity trajectories and cognitive decline among older adults in China: a longitudinal cohort study.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Impaired Oxidative Stress Markers and Activities of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Plasma of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease, Emphasizing Sex andInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Reliable New Biomarkers of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma from Alzheimer's Disease Patients: A Pilot Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Unveiling blood biomarkers for neuronal hyperplasticity: Insights from AD molecular subtyping, a comprehensive review.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Coping Styles and Defense Mechanisms in Healthy Young Adults-Correlations with tPA-BDNF Pathway.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- The Link Between Matrix Metalloproteinases and Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Immune imbalance underlying depressive symptoms in COPD patients: a study based on BDNF, PD-1, MMP-9, and inflammatory cytokines.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Association of plasma BDNF and MMP-9 levels with mild cognitive impairment: a matched case-control study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Blockade of brain alkaline phosphatase efficiently reduces amyloid-β plaque burden and associated cognitive impairment.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Article
- A multi-cohort study of the hippocampal radiomics model and its associated biological changes in Alzheimer's Disease.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Amyloid Precursor Protein: A Regulatory Hub in Alzheimer's Disease.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Biological and Clinical Implications of Sex-Specific Differences in Alzheimer's Disease.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2023Review
- The Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO) for biomarker categorization.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.)Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStudies have reported higher plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite evidence that MMP-9 activity and its influence on AD pathophysiology may be modulated by sex hormones, sex differences in the association between MMP-9 and AD biomarkers and cognition have not been explored.
methodsOur sample included 238 amyloid-β (Aβ)-positive participants with MCI or AD dementia from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (37.4% women, 74.6 ± 7.3 years). We used linear regression models to examine whether sex modified free and total plasma MMP-9 associations with CSF t-tau, p-tau181, and Aβ
resultsTotal and free MMP-9 levels did not differ by sex, but AD dementia patients had higher total MMP-9 levels than participants with MCI (β = 0.06 [-0.11 to -0.01], p = 0.031). Sex modified the association of CSF t-tau with total (β = 128.68 [55.37 to 201.99], p < 0.001) and free MMP-9 (β = 98.61 [33.61 to 163.62], p = 0.003), whereby higher total and free MMP-9 correlated with higher CSF t-tau in women and lower CSF t-tau in men. Higher free MMP-9 correlated with lower CSF p-tau181 among men (β = -14.98 [-27.37 to -2.58], p = 0.018), but not women. In participants with MCI, higher free MMP-9 levels were associated with higher CSF Aβ
conclusionsMMP-9 may have more detrimental effects on AD-related pathological and cognitive changes in women. If replicated, our findings could help uncover potential mechanisms contributing to women's elevated susceptibility to AD.
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