Observational studyBMJ open2022
Associations between sociodemographic and behavioural parameters and child development depending on age and sex: a cross-sectional analysis.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02550236 (Prospective Population-based Childhood Cohort Study in the Leipzig Area Investigating Genetic, Environmental, and Metabolic Factors and Their Association With the Development of Civilization Diseases), which is not on this map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prospective Population-based Childhood Cohort Study in the Leipzig Area Investigating Genetic, Environmental, and Metabolic Factors and Their Association With the Development of Civilization Diseases
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Sibling Presence on Motor Competence and Physical Fitness: A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A systematic bibliometric and meta analysis of key factors and emerging AI and ML insights in shaping child cognitive development.Discover mental health · 2025Review
- Factors associated with early childhood development: results from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Evaluation of apparently healthy Egyptian infants and toddlers on the bayley-III scales according to age and sex.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- The Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on the Body Characteristics, Proportion, and Health Behavior of Children Aged 6-12 Years.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo explore environmental and individual factors that are associated with child development and to investigate whether the strength of these associations differs according to the age of the children.
designCross-sectional study.
settingThis study was part of the LIFE Child study, a large cohort study conducted in Leipzig, Germany.
participants778 children aged between 0.5 and 6 years (48.6% girls, mean age=2.67 years). OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcomes were cognitive development, language development, body and hand motor skills, social-emotional development, and tracing skills, measured with a standardised development test. We analysed the associations between development and gestational age, socioeconomic status (SES), sex, behavioural difficulties, siblings, sleep duration, breastfeeding duration and overweight/obesity. We also tested for interactions between these variables and child age or sex.
resultsHigher gestational age (b ranging between 0.12 and 0.26) and higher SES (b ranging between 0.08 and 0.21) were associated with better outcomes in almost all developmental domains (all p<0.019). Children with older siblings had improved body and hand motor skills compared with children without older siblings (both b=0.55, all p<0.029). Boys had poorer scores than girls in body and hand motor skills and tracing (b=-0.45, -0.68 and -1.5, all p<0.019). Children with behavioural difficulties had significantly poorer outcomes in most developmental domains. Some of the associations with SES and sex were stronger in older than in younger children. Associations between gestational age and motor development were weaker in older children. We did not find significant associations between child development and sleep duration, breastfeeding duration or overweight/obesity.
conclusionSome factors had a protective, others an adverse effect on development of children under 6 years of age. The effect of SES and sex increased, while the effect of gestational age decreased with age. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02550236.
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