Trial reportCancer2023
Effectiveness of triennial screening with clinical breast examination: 14-years follow-up outcomes of randomized clinical trial in Trivandrum, India.
Trial report in Cancer, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and multilevel factors associated with clinical breast examination uptake among women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Strong association between reduction of late-stage cancers and reduction of cancer-specific mortality in meta-regression of randomized screening trials across multiple cancer types.Journal of medical screening · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- Barriers and Facilitators Influencing National Scaleup of a Women's Cancer Early Detection Program in Rwanda: Perspectives of Policymakers, Program Leaders, and Clinicians.JCO global oncology · 2026Article
- A global scoping review of interventions to increase participation in screening programmes for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer between 2016 and 2025.BMC public health · 2026Article
- From evidence to action: the IARC's role in strengthening cancer prevention and early detection.Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs · 2026Review
- Low participation in cancer screening in India: a scoping review of breast and cervical cancer programs.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Early experience scaling up a breast cancer early detection initiative integrated with cervical cancer screening in Rwanda.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Multilevel factors associated with clinical breast examination uptake among women in the Northern Region of Ghana: a cross-sectional survey.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Breast Cancer Screening Using Clinical Breast Examination: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for South Africa.Value in health regional issues · 2025Article
- Linkage of Clinical Trial Data to Routinely Collected Data Sources: A Scoping Review.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- A real world evaluation of an innovative artificial intelligence tool for population-level breast cancer screening.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Co-designing and evaluation of a context-appropriate strategy to improve access to early detection and care of oral, breast and cervical cancers in rural India: a formative phase implementation research protocol.Ecancermedicalscience · 2025Article
- High-value breast cancer care within resource limitations.The oncologist · 2024Review
- Development of a model to predict the age at breast cancer diagnosis in a global population.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Prioritizing Mammography Screening in Developing Countries: Are We Putting the Cart Before the Horse?Annals of surgical oncology · 2024Article
- Assessing breast self-examination knowledge, attitude and practice as a secondary prevention of breast cancer among female undergraduates at the University of Dodoma: a protocol of analytical cross-sectional study.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2024Article
- Challenges and Innovations in Breast Cancer Screening in India: A Review of Epidemiological Trends and Diagnostic Strategies.International journal of breast cancer · 2024Review
- Implementation research: including breast examinations in a cervical cancer screening programme, Rwanda.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2023Observational
- A novel strategy to downstage breast cancer: impact of a phone helpline.Ecancermedicalscience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThis study presents the preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) initiated in January 2006 in India to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical breast examination (CBE) in reducing breast cancer mortality as compared to a no-screening control group reported significant downstaging in the intervention group. The present manuscript reports long-term follow-up outcomes.
methodsWomen 30-69 years old from 133 intervention clusters and 141 control clusters were invited to participate. Women in the intervention arm underwent three rounds of CBE every 3 years. CBE-positive women were reexamined by a physician, and triple-assessment was performed on those confirmed to have abnormalities. All participants were followed through home visits and linkage with population-based cancer registry.
resultsOf the 55,843 eligible women in the intervention arm, 95.7% had CBE at least once and 11.5% were CBE-positive. Breast cancers were diagnosed in 335 participants in the intervention group and 273 in the control group (N = 59,447). Age-standardized incidence rate of early cancer was 30.4 of 100,000 in the intervention and 21.9 of 100,000 in the control group, with a rate ratio (RR) of 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.8). The age-standardized breast cancer mortality rates were 11.3 and 11.1 per 100,000 in intervention and control arms, respectively (RR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.8-1.5) after 15 years. Five-year breast cancer survival rates were 77.0% in the intervention and 71.2% in the control groups (overall p value = .043).
conclusionsTriennial CBE screening failed to demonstrate any mortality benefit despite achieving a shift toward earlier stage at detection and improved survival in the intervention arm. CBE is a valuable tool for diagnosis of breast cancer in symptomatic women especially in areas where mammography and/or breast cancer screening programs are not widely available.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.