Effectiveness of Hospital Pharmacist Interventions for COPD Patients: A Systematic Literature Review and Logic Model.

Purpose: This review aimed to summarize empirical evidence about pharmacist-led interventions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in hospital settings and to identify the components of a logic model (including input, interventions, output, outcome and contextual factors) to inform the development of hospital pharmacist's role in COPD management. Methods: A systematic review of literature retrieved from four English databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect) and one Chinese database (CNKI) were conducted to identify eligible studies published from inception to March 2022. Studies concerning pharmacist and COPD were identified to screen for randomized controlled studies that focused on pharmacist interventions for COPD at the hospital setting. Results: Twenty-nine studies were included in this review. The components of interventions identified were categorized according to the six service domains in the International Pharmaceutical Federation's Basel Statements, and mainly concerned prescribing, preparation, administration and monitoring but not procurement and training. Extended interventions were also identified including life guidance, psychological counseling, and respiratory function exercise. The most common outputs reported were improvement in medication adherence, rational drug use, level of knowledge, and inhalation technique. The clinical outcomes (symptomatic control, lung function, rates of hospital readmission, length of hospital stay, and adverse drug adverse reactions), humanistic outcomes (quality of life and patient satisfaction), and economic outcomes (drug costs, hospitalization costs, antibiotic costs, and direct costs) were reported only in some studies. The contextual factors mainly included geographical factors, education level of patients, socio-economic factors, and no-smoking policy. Conclusion: The evidence for hospital pharmacists' interventions in improving COPD patients' outcome is growing. However, considering the challenges of COPD management, hospital pharmacists should further leverage the advantages of cross-sector and multi-disciplinary collaboration in order to provide more comprehensive support to better address the needs of their patients.