Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36316688›Full record

ArticleBMC psychiatry2022

Quality of life and care burden among family caregivers of people with severe mental illness: mediating effects of self-esteem and psychological distress.

Wan-Lin Cheng, Chih-Cheng Chang, Mark D Griffiths, Cheng-Fang Yen, Jiun-Horng Liu, Jian-An Su, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H Pakpour

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
53citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
12.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

53 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Caregiver burden, anxiety, and quality-of-life among informal caregivers of patient with head and neck cancer: a systematic review.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026
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  12. Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese CancerSupportSourceHealth and quality of life outcomes · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.

Wan-Lin Cheng *Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
Chih-Cheng Chang *Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
Mark D GriffithsInternational Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
Cheng-Fang YenDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Jiun-Horng LiuDepartment of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, 201 Taikang Vil, Liuying Dist, 736, Liouying, Tainan City, Taiwan.
Jian-An SuDepartment of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan. jian.7715@gmail.com.
Chung-Ying LinInstitute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. cylin36933@gmail.com.
Amir H PakpourDepartment of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
Chi Mei Medical Center · TWChang Jung Christian University · TWChiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital · TWJönköping University · SEKaohsiung Medical University · TWNational Cheng Kung University · TWNottingham Trent University · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFamily caregivers are important allies for healthcare providers in facilitating the recovery process among people with mental illness (PWMI). The present study examined the factors associated with quality of life (QoL) among family caregivers of PWMI.

methodsA multi-center cross-sectional survey was conducted. Family caregivers of people with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder were recruited using convenience sampling. A survey assessing their QoL, depression, anxiety, and self-esteem was completed with self-rated psychometric scales including the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Caregiver Burden Inventory, Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument Short Form. A mediation model was constructed with QoL as the dependent variable, care burden as the independent variable, and psychological distress (including depression and anxiety) with self-esteem as mediating variables.

resultsFamily caregivers of people with schizophrenia had worse QoL compared with counterparts of people with major depression and bipolar disorder. The sociodemographic of both caregivers and PWMI had less impact on QoL when psychological factors were considered. Caregivers with lower self-esteem, higher levels of psychological distress, and heavier care burdens had poorer QoL. Care burden had a significant total effect on QoL. Both self-esteem and psychological distress were significant mediators.

conclusionThe findings indicated that caregivers' psychological health and care burden influenced their QoL. Interventions that target family caregivers' self-esteem and psychological distress may attenuate the effect from care burden, and further improve their QoL.

Indexed as

Major Depressive DisorderMental DisordersPsychological DistressCaregiver BurdenCaregiversCross-Sectional StudiesDepressionHumansQuality of LifeBipolar disorderCare burdenFamily caregiverMajor depressive disorderQuality of lifeSchizophreniaSelf-esteem

Identifiers

PMID36316688
PMCPMC9624032
OpenAlexW4307697114

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.