ArticleBMC medicine2022
Comprehensive approach to costing cervical cancer prevention and control: a case study in the United Republic of Tanzania using the Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control Costing (C4P) tool.
Article in BMC medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Costs of delivering human papillomavirus vaccination using a one- or two-dose strategy in Tanzania.Vaccine · 2023Trial
- Financing of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Africa: A Scoping Review.Health science reports · 2026Review
- A Micro-costing Study of Community-Based Primary HPV Self-Sampling and Triage Test for Cervical Cancer Screening in Rural Cambodia.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2026Article
- Advancing the elimination of cervical cancer across Africa.Nature communications · 2026Review
- MCMC-Driven mathematical modeling of the impact of HPV vaccine uptake in reducing cervical cancer.Scientific African · 2025Article
- Prevalence and determinants of cervical cancer screening among women aged 15-49 years in Tanzania: analysis of demographic and health survey 2022.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Coping strategies utilized by patients with cervical cancer: an explorative qualitative study at the Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- The lived experiences and caring needs of women diagnosed with cervical cancer: A qualitative study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.PloS one · 2023Article
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Abstract
backgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a costing tool, the Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control Costing (C4P) tool, to estimate the comprehensive cost of cervical cancer primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in low- and middle-income countries. The tool was piloted in the United Republic of Tanzania, a country with a high incidence of cervical cancer with 62.5 cases per 100,000 women in 2020. This paper presents the costing tool methods as well as the results from the pilot in Tanzania.
methodsThe C4P tool estimates the incremental costs of cervical cancer prevention and control programmes. It estimates the financial (monetary costs to the government) and economic costs (opportunity costs). For the pilot, the study team collected data on costs and programme assumptions for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of 14-year-old girls and scaling up of cervical cancer screening (visual inspection with acetic acid and HPV-DNA testing) and treatment for women for 2020-2024. Assumptions were made on how vaccination coverage would increase over the 5 years as well as developing additional screening and treatment capacity through health personnel training and infrastructure strengthening.
resultsThe total financial and economic costs of the comprehensive programme during 2020-2024 are projected to be US$68 million and US$124 million, respectively. The financial and economic costs of a fully immunized girl with HPV vaccine are estimated to be US$6.68 and US$17.31, respectively, while the costs per woman screened for cervical cancer are, on average, US$4.02 and US$5.83, respectively; US$6.44 and US$9.37 for pre-cancer treatment, respectively; and US$101 and US$107 for diagnosis of invasive cancer, respectively. The cost of treating and managing invasive cancer range from US$7.05 and US$7.83 for outpatient palliative care to US$800.21 and US$893.80 for radiotherapy, respectively.
conclusionsThe C4P costing tool can assist national cervical cancer programmes to estimate monetary resources needed as well as opportunity costs of reducing national cervical cancer incidence through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.
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