ArticleBMJ open2022
Performance of HPV testing, Pap smear and VIA in women attending cervical cancer screening in Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Assessment of HPV screening modalities within primary care: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Comparing visual inspection with acetic acid, with and without Lugol's Iodine for triage of HPV self-sample positive women in Ethiopia: a randomized controlled trial.International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society · 2024Trial
- Article
- Regional variations and predictors of low uptake of cervical cancer screening among women aged 30-49 years in Tanzania: a geospatial and multilevel analysis of population-based survey.Research in health services & regions · 2026Article
- Cost and cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer HPV DNA self-sampling: a systematic review.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Evaluation of visual inspection with acetic acid and Pap smear tests in early cervical cancer screening among women in Meru County, Kenya.African journal of laboratory medicine · 2026Article
- The role of non-medical providers in increasing access to cervical screening: a scoping review.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Three-year survival outcomes following radical hysterectomy in early-stage cervical carcinoma: A study at Bugando medical centre, Mwanza, Tanzania.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Identification of differentially expressed MiRNA clusters in cervical cancer.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Knowledge, attitude and practices towards cervical cancer control among University students in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania.PloS one · 2025Article
- Real-World Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake and Predictors of Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid Positivity Among Women Living With HIV in Care Programs in Western Kenya.JCO global oncology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThere is a concern about performance of the screening approaches, where information on the quality of novel and affordable screening approaches that will perform well in remote areas is warranted. This lack of information makes it difficult to prioritise resource use in efforts to improve cervical cancer outcomes. We aimed to compare the diagnostic value of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing on self-collected samples, Pap smear and visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) tests for detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or worse (CIN2+).
designA combined cross-sectional and cohort study.
settingThree primary healthcare centres in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania.
participants1620 women undergoing cervical cancer screening from December 2018 to September 2021. Inclusion criteria were being aged 25-60 years, and no history of premalignant or cervical cancer. Exclusion criteria were overt signs of cancer and previous hysterectomy.
interventionsParticipants underwent HPV self-sampling with Evalyn Brush and Care HPV kit assay was used to determine prevalence of high-risk HPV infection. Women with positive HPV test were together with a random sample of HPV negative women scheduled for follow-up where VIA was performed, and Pap smear and cervical biopsies obtained.
resultsOf 1620 women enrolled, 229 (14.1%) were HPV positive and 222 of these attended follow-up together with 290 (20.8%) women with negative HPV test. On VIA, 17.6% were positive. On Pap smear, 8.0% were classified as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The sensitivity and specificity, respectively, of the various tests, compared with histopathology for the detection of CIN2+ were: HPV test 62.5%, 59.3%; Pap smear 82.8%, 82.1% and; VIA 48.4%, 56.8%. When combined, the sensitivity and specificity for HPV and Pap smear were 90.6%, 70.6% while HPV and VIA were 65.6% and 75.5% for the detection of CIN2+.
conclusionsThe performance of care HPV testing on self-collected samples opens the possibility of increasing coverage and early detection in resource-constrained settings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.