ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2022
Chronic inflammation, cancer development and immunotherapy.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 148 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
148 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex-based responses to immunotherapy in esophageal cancer: insights from a meta-analysis.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Pooled it
- Prognostic significance of inflammation-based markers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Association Between Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Pooled it
- Spatial biology reveals altered macrophage states in immunosuppressed non-melanoma skin cancer.Cell · 2026Article
- Cancer Cachexia Research and Drug Development: Lessons from Failures and the Promise of Immunomodulation.Cancers · 2026Review
- Inflammatory Manifestations, Therapeutic Interventions, and Cancer Risk in Psoriasis: Current Epidemiological and Mechanistic Evidence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Metabolic enzymes and immune receptors as emerging checkpoints in breast cancer: mechanisms, clinical trials, and therapeutic implications.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Article
- Are axolotls resistant to cancer? Possible explanations.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Integrated mechanisms and clinical relevance of exercise driven remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment.Translational oncology · 2026Review
- Prognostic Value of Neutrophil Percentage-Albumin Ratio in Patients with Advanced Melanoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Prognostic Value of C-Reactive Protein-Albumin-Lymphocyte (CALLY) Index for Survival in Nivolumab-Treated Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- The role of galectins in modulating the tumor microenvironment and driving metastasis in skin cancers.Biological research · 2026Review
- The Goddard score for emphysema predicts the postoperative prognosis in pancreatic cancer.Surgery today · 2026Article
- Review
- A novel programmed-cell-death-related prognostic risk model for cervical cancer based on mitochondrial genes.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Hematological parameters as predictive indicators of disease stage in patients with cervical cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: From Histopathological Classification to Precision Oncology-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Inflammatory proteins in pre-diagnosis versus at-diagnosis samples associated with differentiated thyroid cancer.International journal of cancer · 2026Observational
- Evolution of the MUC1 gene in eutherian mammals as an adaptation responsible for the increasing incidence of cancer in humans.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer · 2026Review
88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in cancer development. Cancer cells interact with adjacent cellular components (pro-inflammatory cells, intrinsic immune cells, stromal cells, etc.) and non-cellular components to form the inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME). Interleukin 6 (IL-6), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), immune checkpoint factors and other pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by intrinsic immune cells in TME are the main mediators of intercellular communication in TME, which link chronic inflammation to cancer by stimulating different oncogenic signaling pathways and improving immune escape to promote cancer development. In parallel, the ability of monocytes, T regulatory cells (Tregs) and B regulatory cells (Bregs) to perform homeostatic tolerogenic functions is hijacked by cancer cells, leading to local or systemic immunosuppression. Standard treatments for advanced malignancies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have improved in the last decades. However, clinical outcomes of certain malignant cancers are not satisfactory due to drug resistance and side effects. The clinical application of immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has brought hope to cancer treatment, although therapeutic efficacy are still limited due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Emerging evidences reveal that ideal therapies including clearance of tumor cells, disruption of tumor-induced immunosuppression by targeting suppressive TME as well as reactivation of anti-tumor T cells by ICT. Here, we review the impacts of the major pro-inflammatory cells, mediators and their downstream signaling molecules in TME on cancer development. We also discuss the application of targeting important components in the TME in the clinical management of cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.