ReviewFrontiers in molecular biosciences2022
Implications of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and Betaine in Human Health: Beyond Being Osmoprotective Compounds.
Review in Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effect of egg consumption on circulating choline, betaine, and trimethylamine n-oxide in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutrition journal · 2025Pooled it
- Exploring the research progression and evolutionary trends of gut microbiome and hypertension: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Novel multi-omic biomarkers to combat oocyte and ovarian aging.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Article
- Elevated serum trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and trimethyllysine in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): An exploratory case-control study.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Study of Plasma Metabolites During Menopause and Their Associations With Later Onset of Metabolic Syndrome.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Advances and opportunities in measuring dietary intake: from omics to AI.Nature metabolism · 2026Review
- Interactions between betaine, insulin resistance, and cognitive impairment in people with and without HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Pivotal gut microbiota and microbial metabolites involved in the regulation of simple obesity.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Betaine as a regulator of metabolism, epigenetics, and cellular osmoprotection: therapeutic implications in cardiometabolic and renal diseases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Supplementation of Trimethylamine N-Oxide or Betaine in Semen Improves Quality of Boar Spermatozoa Stored at 17 °C Following Hydrostatic Pressure Stress.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The influence of acute and chronic coronary syndrome on the gut microbiome and downstream microbiome-derived metabolites-Microbiome in acute myocardial infarction-MIAMI-Trial.Basic research in cardiology · 2025Observational
- In vivoMagnetic resonance in medicine · 2025Article
- Dietary betaine for fattening Californian rabbits: in vivo and in silico insights into growth, blood physiology, and nutrient utilization.Tropical animal health and production · 2025Article
- Severity of atopic dermatitis is associated with gut-derived metabolites and leaky gut-related biomarkers.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics-induced neurotoxicity in adult male Swiss albino mice with amelioration of betaine: a histopathological, neurochemical, and molecular investigation.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- 3,3-Dimethyl-1-Butanol and its Metabolite 3,3-Dimethylbutyrate Ameliorate Collagen-induced Arthritis Independent of Choline Trimethylamine Lyase Activity.Inflammation · 2025Article
- Gut Microbiota in Heart Failure-The Role of Inflammation.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Feeding rumen-protected choline during the periconceptional period programs postnatal phenotype of suckled beef calves.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) as a Rising-Star Metabolite: Implications for Human Health.Metabolites · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Osmolytes are naturally occurring small molecular weight organic molecules, which are accumulated in large amounts in all life forms to maintain the stability of cellular proteins and hence preserve their functions during adverse environmental conditions. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and N,N,N-trimethylglycine (betaine) are methylamine osmolytes that have been extensively studied for their diverse roles in humans and have demonstrated opposing relations with human health. These osmolytes are obtained from food and synthesized endogenously using dietary constituents like choline and carnitine. Especially, gut microbiota plays a vital role in TMAO synthesis and contributes significantly to plasma TMAO levels. The elevated plasma TMAO has been reported to be correlated with the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases, including cardiovascular disease, heart failure, kidney diseases, metabolic syndrome, etc.; Hence, TMAO has been recognized as a novel biomarker for the detection/prediction of several human diseases. In contrast, betaine acts as a methyl donor in one-carbon metabolism, maintains cellular S-adenosylmethionine levels, and protects the cells from the harmful effects of increased plasma homocysteine. Betaine also demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and has a promising therapeutic value in several human diseases, including homocystinuria and fatty liver disease. The present review examines the multifarious functions of TMAO and betaine with possible molecular mechanisms towards a better understanding of their emerging and diverging functions with probable implications in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.