SynthesisEuropean heart journal2023
Growth differentiation factor 15 and cardiovascular risk: individual patient meta-analysis.
Synthesis in European heart journal, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasma growth differentiation factor-15 is associated with cardiovascular events in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of COPD.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Influence of CReatine Supplementation on mUScle Mass and Strength After Stroke (ICaRUS Stroke Trial): A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Circulating Cardiovascular Biomarkers 1-3 Years Following Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders: Associations With Postpartum Cardiovascular Structure and Function.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Article
- Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Prognostic Value and Barriers to Clinical Implementation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Integrating Biomarkers and Hemodynamics for 1-Year Mortality Risk Stratification in Transcatheter Tricuspid Intervention.CJC open · 2026Article
- Proteomic Signatures of High-Risk Coronary Plaque Features and Incident Events.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2026Article
- Proteomic Profiling Captures Residual Cardiovascular Risk Beyond the PREVENT Model in Individuals With Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stages 2-3.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- A Predictive Model for Major Adverse Aortic Events in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Using Clinical and Biomarker Data.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- High-Intensity Statin Treatment Is Associated With Reduced Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Observational
- Multimodal Machine Learning Integrating Clinical and Proteomic Data for Early Prediction of Hypertensive Complications: A UKB Longitudinal Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Left atrial stiffness, exercise intolerance and injury biomarkers predict adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.NPJ cardiovascular health · 2026Article
- Blood Biomarkers and the Risk of Coronary Disease in Atrial Fibrillation.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 as an Early Biomarker of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity Using an Integrated PK/PD Model.Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Association of growth differentiation factor-15 with muscle wasting and anemia in chronic kidney disease.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2026Article
- Hormonal crossroads of the heart: from classic endocrine regulation to cardiac hormone secretion: an updated review.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- The Role of GDF-15 in Heart Failure and Biomarker Potential-From Basic Science to Clinical Praxis.Biology · 2026Review
- Biomarkers for Screening and Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Growth differentiation factor-15 improves long-term mortality risk prediction beyond the GRACE 2.0 score after acute coronary syndrome.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- AI-based multiomics profiling reveals complementary omics contributions to personalized prediction of cardiovascular disease.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular burden of long coronavirus disease: Clinical challenges and emerging biomarkers.World journal of cardiology · 2026Review
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
20 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsLevels of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), a cytokine secreted in response to cellular stress and inflammation, have been associated with multiple types of cardiovascular (CV) events. However, its comparative prognostic performance across different presentations of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains unknown. METHODS AND
resultsAn individual patient meta-analysis was performed using data pooled from eight trials including 53 486 patients. Baseline GDF-15 concentration was analyzed as a continuous variable and using established cutpoints (<1200 ng/L, 1200-1800 ng/L, > 1800 ng/L) to evaluate its prognostic performance for CV death/hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and their components using Cox models adjusted for clinical variables and established CV biomarkers. Analyses were further stratified on ASCVD status: acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stabilized after recent ACS, and stable ASCVD. Overall, higher GDF-15 concentration was significantly and independently associated with an increased rate of CV death/HHF and MACE (P < 0.001 for each). However, while GDF-15 showed a robust and consistent independent association with CV death and HHF across all presentations of ASCVD, its prognostic association with future myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke only remained significant in patients stabilized after recent ACS or with stable ASCVD [hazard ratio (HR): 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17-1.31 and HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.05-1.28 for MI and stroke, respectively] and not in ACS (HR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.90-1.06 and HR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.39-1.92, respectively).
conclusionGrowth differentiation factor 15 consistently adds prognostic information for CV death and HHF across the spectrum of ASCVD. GDF-15 also adds prognostic information for MI and stroke beyond clinical risk factors and cardiac biomarkers but not in the setting of ACS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.