ArticleBMC public health2022
Sleepless in inequality: findings from the 2018 behavioral risk factor surveillance system, a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sleep Health Inequities: Sociodemographic, Psychosocial, and Structural Determinants of Short Sleep in U.S. Adults.Clocks & sleep · 2025Article
- Mediating impact of sleep quality and duration on the relationship between socio-economic conditions and pain.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Perceived economic inequality is linked to poorer sleep quality.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Sleep and happiness: socio-economic, population and cultural correlates of sleep duration and subjective well-being in 52 countries.Frontiers in sleep · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite the large body of research on the adverse effects of income inequality, to date, few studies have examined its impact on sleep. The objective of this investigation is to examine the association between US state income inequality and the odds for regularly obtaining inadequate (< 7 h) and very inadequate (< 5 h) of sleep in the last 24 h.
methodsWe analysed data from 350,929 adults participating in the US 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Multilevel modeling was used to determine the association between state-level income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, and the odds for obtaining inadequate and very inadequate sleep. We also determined if associations were heterogeneous across gender.
resultsA standard deviation increase in the Gini coefficient was associated with increased odds for inadequate (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.13) and very inadequate sleep (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.03,1.20). Also, a cross-level Gini Coefficient X Gender interaction term was significant (OR = 1.07, 95% CI:1.01,1.13), indicating that increasing income inequality was more detrimental to women's sleep behavior.
conclusionFuture work should be conducted to determine whether decreasing the wide gap between incomes can alleviate the burden of income inequality on inadequate sleep in the United States.
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