ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2022
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Treatment of COVID-19 - United States, January-July 2022.
Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development and Validation of an Electronic Health Record-Derived Prediction Model for Preventing COVID-19 Hospitalization and Death.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026Article
- Race and Ethnicity Data in the Electronic Health Records: New Insights Through Comparison with American Community Survey Microdata.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Characteristics of outpatient nirmatrelvir/ritonavir recipients during the 2022/2023 era in Alberta, Canada: A retrospective observational population-based study.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2026Article
- Evaluating equitable access based on sociodemographic predictors of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir use during the first year of availability in Ontario, Canada: A population-based ecological study.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Antiviral Treatment: Examining Knowledge, Access, Trust in Sources of Information and Willingness to Use Among Essential Workers: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Cohort Participants.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Preventable Differences in Recommended Outpatient COVID-19 Treatment Among Adults With COVID-19 in the United States.Medical care · 2026Article
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in COVID-19 Disease Severity Among US Adults in Health Systems Participating in PCORnet®: May 2020-October 2022.Medical care · 2026Article
- Where Inequities Emerge: Racial and Ethnic Differences Across the COVID-19 Hospitalization Continuum.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Patterns of use of oral antivirals for COVID-19 in people 70 years and over in Victoria, Australia: a linked data study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- HIV Status and COVID-19 Treatment Disparities in the US National Clinical Cohort Collaborative.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Eligibility for Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir Among Adults With an Acute Care COVID-19 Encounter: A Retrospective Cohort Study From Alberta, Canada.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
- Leveraging Community-Based System Dynamics to Understand Long Covid Disparities in African American Communities: A Model for Health Equity Research.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
- COVID-19 Deaths and Minority Health Social Vulnerability, in the U.S., January 1, 2020 through June 24, 2023.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Primary Findings of Nationwide Home-based Test to Treat Program for COVID-19 and Influenza.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Patterns in Prescribing and Dispensing Influenza Antivirals Among Adults With Influenza Presenting to Urgent Care and Emergency Department Settings: VISION Network, 2023-2024.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Association of Language Preference with Therapeutic Care for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Observational
- Racial Disparities in Hesitancy and Utilization of Monoclonal Antibody Infusion Treatment of COVID-19: Lessons for Future Pandemics.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- Racial Inequities and Access to COVID-19 Treatment.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Use of Long COVID Clinics in the Veterans Health Administration: Implications for the path forward.Health affairs scholar · 2025Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Treatments in the United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In December 2021 and early 2022, four medications received emergency use authorization (EUA) by the Food and Drug Administration for outpatient treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in patients who are at high risk for progressing to severe disease; these included nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) and molnupiravir (Lagevrio) (both oral antivirals), expanded use of remdesivir (Veklury; an intraveneous antiviral), and bebtelovimab (a monoclonal antibody [mAb]).* Reports have documented disparities in mAb treatment by race and ethnicity (1) and in oral antiviral treatment by zip code-level social vulnerability (2); however, limited data are available on racial and ethnic disparities in oral antiviral treatment.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.