ReviewBioscience reports2022
Systemic maternal inflammation promotes ASD via IL-6 and IFN-γ.
Review in Bioscience reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- A comparison between children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and healthy controls in biomedical factors, trace elements, and microbiota biomarkers: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- From Perinatal Stress to Schizophrenia: The Emerging Role of Glial Pathology.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Review
- Early-life oxidative stress programs persistent NFκB activation and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The Eph-ephrin system in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN · 2026Review
- Vagus nerve stimulation as an anti-inflammatory therapy for maternal immune activation-induced alterations in offspring microglia and neurodevelopment.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorder: pharmacological insights into natural antioxidants.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Research on the role of gut microbiota metabolites in autism by multi-omics and network pharmacology.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Identifying gut microbiota composition disparities in autistic individuals and their unaffected siblings: correlations with clinical characteristics.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Association of maternal endometriosis with autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- The Microbial Factors, Trace Elements, and Important Biological Indicators in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis.Iranian journal of public health · 2025Review
- The causal relationship between 91 inflammatory cytokines and chronic pancreatitis, and the mediating role of 1400 metabolites.Medicine · 2025Article
- Neurodevelopmental Impact of Maternal Immune Activation and Autoimmune Disorders, Environmental Toxicants and Folate Metabolism on Autism Spectrum Disorder.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Review
- Article
- Interleukin-6 produces behavioral deficits in pre-pubescent mice independent of neuroinflammation.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- A microglia-containing cerebral organoid model to study early life immune challenges.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Intervention and research progress of gut microbiota-immune-nervous system in autism spectrum disorders among students.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Maternal Dietary Patterns During Pregnancy and Child Autism-Related Traits in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Consortium.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Correlation of biochemical markers and inflammatory cytokines in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder that manifests during early development, impacting individuals through their ways of communicating, social behaviors, and their ability to perform day-to-day activities. There have been different proposed mechanisms on how ASD precipitates within a patient, one of which being the impact cytokines have on fetal development once a mother's immune system has been activated (referred to as maternal immune activation, MIA). The occurrence of ASD has long been associated with elevated levels of several cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). These proinflammatory cytokines can achieve high systemic levels in response to immune activating pathogens from various extrinsic sources. Transfer of cytokines such as IL-6 across the placental barrier allows accumulation in the fetus, potentially inducing neuroinflammation and consequently altering neurodevelopmental processes. Individuals who have been later diagnosed with ASD have been observed to have elevated levels of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines during gestation. Moreover, the outcome of MIA has been associated with neurological effects such as impaired social interaction and an increase in repetitive behavior in animal models, supporting a mechanistic link between gestational inflammation and development of ASD-like characteristics. The present review attempts to provide a concise overview of the available preclinical and clinical data that suggest cross-talk between IL-6 and IFN-γ through both extrinsic and intrinsic factors as a central mechanism of MIA that may promote the development of ASD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.