ArticleNeuro-oncology advances
PD-L1 expression in breast cancer brain metastases.
Article in Neuro-oncology advances. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting B7-H3 in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and brain metastases: an opportunity to "revive" immunotherapy as a treatment strategy?Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Novel treatment strategies and key research priorities for patients with breast cancer and central nervous system (CNS) metastases.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Review
- Review
- The landscape and clinical impact of tumor-associated macrophages and PD-L1 in primary breast cancers and their brain metastases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Low Breast Cancer Brain Metastases: An Opportunity for Targeted Systemic Therapies in a High-Need Patient Population.JCO precision oncology · 2024Article
- Immunotherapy: an emerging modality to checkmate brain metastasis.Molecular cancer · 2023Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: To evaluate the potential intracranial efficacy of immunotherapy among patients with breast cancer brain metastases (BrM), we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), a predictive biomarker of response to immunotherapy. Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort study, consecutive patients with breast cancer BrM (immunotherapy naïve) who underwent surgery for BrM at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center between July 1999 and June 2013 were identified. PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was assessed on BrM samples in triplicate; PD-L1 positive status was defined as PD-L1 expression ≥1% on tumor-infiltrating cells as a percentage of tumor area using the Ventana SP142 antibody. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) status was determined using 2018 ASCO/CAP guidelines. Results: The median patient age at the time of BrM diagnosis was 52 (range 32-85). PD-L1 expression using the SP42 antibody was identified in 9 out of 59 (15.3%) breast cancer BrM. The frequency of PD-L1 positive BrM by subtype is as follows: TNBC ( Conclusions: One in 7 patients in our cohort had PD-L1 positive BrM; this proportion was highest (25%) among those with TNBC. Intracranial efficacy of immunotherapy warrants further study, particularly among patients with treatment-naïve metastatic TNBC, for whom extracranial efficacy has already been established.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.