ReviewFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2022
Mammalian middle ear mechanics: A review.
Review in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Conservative management of functional middle ear disorders: a systematic review with narrative synthesis and conceptual clinical framework.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Pooled it
- 3D-motion mapping of the malleus-incus complex using a robot-mounted optical coherence tomography vibrometry system.Journal of biomedical optics · 2026Article
- Feeding biomechanics in vertebrates and beyond.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2026Article
- Anatomical, Histological, and Morphometrical Features of the Auditory Ossicles in Dog Fetuses at 55-56 Days of Gestation.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Fibrous Biomaterial Scaffold for Tympanic Membrane Repair: Microarchitectural Engineering and Structure Function Performance.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Biomechanics of the mandibular middle ear of the cynodontProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Interplay between evolutionary history, morphological constraints and functional adaptations in the primate cochlea.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Morphological, Histological and Morphometrical Aspects of Auditory Ossicles in Pig Fetuses (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Trifold origin of the reptilian ear ossicle and its relation to the evolutionary modification of the temporal skull region.Journal of anatomy · 2025Article
- Contributions and future potential of animal models for geroscience research on sensory systems.GeroScience · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The middle ear is part of the ear in all terrestrial vertebrates. It provides an interface between two media, air and fluid. How does it work? In mammals, the middle ear is traditionally described as increasing gain due to Helmholtz's hydraulic analogy and the lever action of the malleus-incus complex: in effect, an impedance transformer. The conical shape of the eardrum and a frequency-dependent synovial joint function for the ossicles suggest a greater complexity of function than the traditional view. Here we review acoustico-mechanical measurements of middle ear function and the development of middle ear models based on these measurements. We observe that an impedance-matching mechanism (reducing reflection) rather than an impedance transformer (providing gain) best explains experimental findings. We conclude by considering some outstanding questions about middle ear function, recognizing that we are still learning how the middle ear works.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.