ReviewVaccines2022
Global Excess Mortality during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Autopsy findings in cases of fatal COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis.ESC heart failure · 2025Pooled it
- Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in low-and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Excess mortality and underlying causes of death during the COVID-19 pandemic in rural Bangladesh: insights from the Matlab health and demographic surveillance system.Population health metrics · 2026Article
- Editorial: Recently Identified Global Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality and Modifiable Cancer Risk Factors.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Pulmonary Drug Delivery for Infectious Diseases: Cutting-Edge Formulations and Manufacturing Technologies.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Excess life-years and productive life-years lost in Poland through the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic years.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Global Estimates of COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality: A Cohort Study and Mathematical Model Analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Association of inflammatory scoring tools with spirometry indices in COVID-19 patients: a single center cohort study.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2025Article
- India's death toll in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from delayed official civil registration data.Journal of global health · 2025Article
- Age-Related Changes in the Clinical Picture of Long COVID.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Mortality Trends and Characteristics in a Tertiary Hospital in Southwest Saudi Arabia: A 5-Year Retrospective Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality and life expectancy in northern Ghana: findings from the Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance System.Population health metrics · 2025Article
- Assessing COVID-19 Mortality in Serbia's Capital: Model-Based Analysis of Excess Deaths.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Excess Mortality in Türkiye during 2020-2022: Regional and Time-Based Analysis.Balkan medical journal · 2025Article
- Excess mortality during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021) in the Netherlands: Overall and across demographic subgroups.IJID regions · 2025Article
- Understanding excess mortality during COVID in Belgium: the influence of pre-existing health status and social factors.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- [Impact of COVID-19 on home mortality in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: temporal and spatial analysis, 2010 to 2020].Cadernos de saude publica · 2025Article
- Beyond death counts: how COVID-19 affected excess mortality and productive life-years lost across 28 European states, 2020-2023.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality After COVID-19 Hospitalization During Alpha, Delta and Omicron Waves.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Provider and community perceptions of integrated COVID-19 and routine childhood immunisation programmes in Nigeria: a qualitative exploratory study.BMC health services research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCurrently, reported COVID-19 deaths are inadequate to assess the impact of the pandemic on global excess mortality. All-cause excess mortality is a WHO-recommended index for assessing the death burden of COVID-19. However, the global excess mortality assessed by this index remains unclear. We aimed to assess the global excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic.
methodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies published in English between 1 January 2020, and 21 May 2022. Cross-sectional and cohort studies that reported data about excess mortality during the pandemic were included. Two researchers independently searched the published studies, extracted data, and assessed quality. The Mantel-Haenszel random-effects method was adopted to estimate pooled risk difference (RD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsA total of 79 countries from twenty studies were included. During the COVID-19 pandemic, of 2,228,109,318 individuals, 17,974,051 all-cause deaths were reported, and 15,498,145 deaths were expected. The pooled global excess mortality was 104.84 (95% CI 85.56-124.13) per 100,000. South America had the highest pooled excess mortality [134.02 (95% CI: 68.24-199.80) per 100,000], while Oceania had the lowest [-32.15 (95% CI: -60.53--3.77) per 100,000]. Developing countries had higher excess mortality [135.80 (95% CI: 107.83-163.76) per 100,000] than developed countries [68.08 (95% CI: 42.61-93.55) per 100,000]. Lower middle-income countries [133.45 (95% CI: 75.10-191.81) per 100,000] and upper-middle-income countries [149.88 (110.35-189.38) per 100,000] had higher excess mortality than high-income countries [75.54 (95% CI: 53.44-97.64) per 100,000]. Males had higher excess mortality [130.10 (95% CI: 94.15-166.05) per 100,000] than females [102.16 (95% CI: 85.76-118.56) per 100,000]. The population aged ≥ 60 years had the highest excess mortality [781.74 (95% CI: 626.24-937.24) per 100,000].
conclusionsThe pooled global excess mortality was 104.84 deaths per 100,000, and the number of reported all-cause deaths was higher than expected deaths during the global COVID-19 pandemic. In South America, developing and middle-income countries, male populations, and individuals aged ≥ 60 years had a heavier excess mortality burden.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.