ReviewVaccines2022
Vaccine Hesitancy: Contemporary Issues and Historical Background.
Review in Vaccines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
136 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 250 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccine preferences and their role for vaccine confidence and uptake: a meta-ethnography.Global health action · 2026Pooled it
- Social media-based interventions for improving vaccine uptake, reducing hesitancy, and combating misinformation: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of RCT.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Factors ınfluencing vaccine refusal in children: an umbrella review on COVID-19 and childhood vaccinations.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Vaccine hesitancy educational interventions for medical students: A systematic narrative review in western countries.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- How has co-design been used to address vaccine hesitancy globally? A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- A Cluster Randomized Trial of a Vaccination Communication Educational Intervention: Impact on COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in Veterans.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness of an online vaccine misinformation game for Arabic-speaking Australians: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
- "Let's get back to normal": emotions mediate the effects of persuasive messages on willingness to vaccinate for COVID-19.Frontiers in public health · 2024Trial
- Game-based inoculation versus graphic-based inoculation to combat misinformation: a randomized controlled trial.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2023Trial
- Optimal timing for staged vaccination campaigns: Insights from scenario tree-based stochastic optimization.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2027Article
- A cross-sectional study of vaccination behavior and willingness regarding respiratory disease-related vaccines among the elderly in Beijing, China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- A missed opportunity: faith leaders and the HPV vaccination effort in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Global health action · 2026Article
- Online Information as a Double-Edged Sword: A Multilevel Analysis of Vaccination Skepticism Based on ISSP 2021.Journal of community health · 2026Article
- Parental Vaccine Hesitancy in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey in the United States, 2025.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Atypical Diagnosis in the Paediatric Emergency Department: Silent Tetanus.Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2026Article
- Maternal Vaccine Acceptance and Attitudes Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Literature Review.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Health system stakeholders' perceptions of religious and socio-cultural influences on measles vaccine hesitancy in Madagascar: a qualitative study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Beyond biomedical interventions: social vaccinology as a framework for vaccination policy and public governance.Health affairs scholar · 2026Article
- Relationships Between Vaccine Knowledge, Hesitancy, and Conspiracy Beliefs on COVID-19, Influenza, and HPV Vaccination.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Community-Led Defaulter Tracking for Catch-Up Vaccination: Implementation Experience in Uganda, 2022 and 2024.Vaccines · 2026Article
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination, despite being recognized as one of the most effective primary public health measures, is viewed as unsafe and unnecessary by an increasing number of individuals. Anxiety about vaccines and vaccination programs leading to vaccine hesitancy results from a complex mix of social and political influences, cultural and religious beliefs, the availability of and ability to interpret health and scientific information, and personal and population experiences of health systems and government policies. Vaccine hesitancy is becoming a serious threat to vaccination programs, and was identified as one of the World Health Organization's top ten global health threats in 2019. The negative impact of anti-vaccination movements is frequently cited as one of the major reasons for rising vaccine hesitancy amongst the general public world-wide. This review discusses the various issues surrounding vaccine hesitancy and the anti-vaccine movement, starting with the definitions of vaccine hesitancy and the anti-vaccine movement in their early history and in the modern era, before discussing the key drivers of vaccine hesitancy, particularly across different regions of the world, with a focus on various countries with low-, middle-, or high-income economies with different socio-economic populations. The review concludes with the impact of vaccine hesitancy on herd immunity and social, psychological, and public health measures to counter vaccine hesitancy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.