Manipulation of Senescence of Plants to Improve Biotic Stress Resistance.

The physiological state, i.e., senescence or juvenility, of plants and plant organs can have strong effect on their reactions to pathogen attacks. This effect is mainly expressed as changes in the severity of disease symptoms. Generally, necrotrophic pathogens cause more severe symptoms on senescent than on juvenile plants, while biotrophs prefer juvenile tissues. Several factors of senescence have opposite effect on the two pathogen groups, such as decreased photosynthesis, decreased antioxidant capacity, remobilization of nutrients, changes in plant hormonal network, and in fluidity of cell membranes. Furthermore, senescent tissues are less tolerant to toxins and to cell-wall-degrading enzymes. On the other hand, pathogen infection itself has significant effect on the physiology of plants depending on the lifestyle of the pathogen and on the compatibility or incompatibility of the interaction with the plant. There are several possibilities to manipulate the physiological state of plants in order to improve their biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, such as removal of the terminal bud or high doses of nitrogen, external application of cytokinins or of inhibitors of ethylene action, as well as by spontaneous or directed mutation, in vitro selection, or manipulation by various transgenic approach. Even application of mycorrhiza can inhibit the senescence process of plants and improve their tolerance to stresses.