ArticleJournal of personalized medicine2022
Trace Elements in Tears: Comparison of Rural and Urban Populations Using Particle Induced X-ray Emission.
Article in Journal of personalized medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Distinct Tear Element Signatures in Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Identified by Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Elevated iron levels in tears of patients diagnosed with WDR45 X-linked optic atrophy.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Article
- Elemental Composition Analysis of Sheep Tears Using Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission.Veterinary ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Corneal biomechanical cues mediated by PAI-2: the origin of PM2.5-induced corneal disease.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Emerging mechanisms in dry eye disease: apoptosis-associated tear MicroRNAs and toxicant-related alterations of the glycocalyx and lipid rafts.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Real-Life Assessment of Multi-Pollutant Exposure and Its Impact on the Ocular Surface: The Bike-Eye Pilot Study on Urban Cyclists in Bologna.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Application of PIXE for Tear Analysis: Impact of Mineral Supplementation on Iron and Magnesium Levels in Athletes.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Absorption of Toxicants from the Ocular Surface: Potential Applications in Toxicology.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Cobalt Toxicity Induces Retinopathy and Optic Neuropathy in Mice.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Ocular Surface Fluid: More than a Matrix.Toxics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the types and concentrations of trace elements in tears of individuals living in urban and rural environments using particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and the possible association with exposure to air pollution and suggest a novel method for tear-based biomonitoring studies. This cross-sectional pilot study comprised 42 healthy subjects, 28 living in a rural area and 14 in an industrial city. Tears were collected with Schirmer paper and characterized by PIXE. Trace element concentrations from both eyes were averaged together with environmental pollution data. Main outcome measures were between-group differences in types and concentrations of trace elements in tears and comparison to environmental data. The rural group included 12/28 men, mean age 45.2 ± 14.8 years. The urban group consisted of 11/14 men of mean age 27 ± 5.9 years. Six rural and all urban were active smokers. Air pollution data showed more toxic elements in the rural environment. On PIXE analysis, chlorine, sodium, and potassium were found in similar concentrations in all samples. Normalizing to chlorine yielded higher values of aluminum, iron, copper, and titanium in the rural group; aluminum was found only in the rural group. The higher levels of certain trace elements in the rural group may, in part, be a consequence of exposure to specific environmental conditions. No direct association was found with air pollution data. PIXE is useful to analyze trace elements in tears, which might serve as a marker for individual exposure to environmental pollutants in biomonitoring studies.
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Registered trials
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