ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Macrophage Phenotypes and Gene Expression Patterns Are Unique in Naturally Occurring Metabolically Healthy Obesity.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- T-Cell Signaling Pathways, Including Exhaustion, Predominate in Unhealthy Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Article
- The role of adipogenic niche resident cells in colorectal cancer progression in relation to obesity.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Review
- Metabolically unhealthy adipose tissue is characterized by reductions in mitochondrial size and function.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Article
- Systemic Inflammation Across Metabolic Obesity Phenotypes: A Cross-Sectional Study of Korean Adults Using High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein as a Biomarker.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Revisiting the Immunometabolic Basis for the Metabolic Syndrome from an Immunonutritional View.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Long-term dasatinib plus quercetin effects on aging outcomes and inflammation in nonhuman primates: implications for senolytic clinical trial design.GeroScience · 2023Article
- Visceral adipose microbial and inflammatory signatures in metabolically healthy and unhealthy nonhuman primates.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2023Article
- New Insights into Adipose Tissue Metabolic Function and Dysfunction.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Population-enriched innate immune variants may identify candidate gene targets at the intersection of cancer and cardio-metabolic disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Obesity as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer-The Role of miRNA.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Obesity impacts 650 million individuals globally, often co-occurring with metabolic syndrome. Though many obese individuals experience metabolic abnormalities (metabolically unhealthy obese [MUO]), ~30% do not (metabolically healthy obese [MHO]). Conversely, >10% of lean individuals are metabolically unhealthy (MUL). To evaluate the physiologic drivers of these phenotypes, a 44-animal African green monkey cohort was selected using metabolic syndrome risk criteria to represent these four clinically defined health groups. Body composition imaging and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SQ AT) biopsies were collected. Differences in adipocyte size, macrophage subtype distribution, gene expression, vascularity and fibrosis were analyzed using digital immunohistopathology, unbiased RNA-seq, endothelial CD31, and Masson’s trichrome staining, respectively. MHO AT demonstrated significant increases in M2 macrophages (p = 0.02) and upregulation of fatty acid oxidation-related terms and transcripts, including FABP7 (p = 0.01). MUO AT demonstrated downregulation of these factors and co-occurring upregulation of immune responses. These changes occurred without differences in AT distributions, adipocyte size, AT endothelial cells, collagen I deposition, or circulating cytokine levels. Without unhealthy diet consumption, healthy obesity is defined by an increased SQ AT M2/M1 macrophage ratio and lipid handling gene expression. We highlight M2 macrophages and fatty acid oxidation as targets for improving metabolic health with obesity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.