ReviewBiomedicines2022
Cancer as a Dysfunctional Immune Disorder: Pro-Tumor TH1-like Immune Response and Anti-Tumor THαβ Immune Response Based on the Complete Updated Framework of Host Immunological Pathways.
Review in Biomedicines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Framework of Host Innate and Adaptive Immunological Pathways.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- The CCL17-CCR4 Axis Is Critical for Mutant STAT6-Mediated Microenvironmental Remodeling and Therapeutic Resistance in Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.Cancer immunology research · 2026Article
- Immune cell senescence drives responsiveness to immunotherapy in melanoma.Molecular cancer · 2025Article
- Microarray Analysis Reveals Sepsis Is a Syndrome with Hyperactivity of TH17 Immunity, with Over-Presentation of the Treg Cell Cytokine TGF-β.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Understanding the Immune System's Intricate Balance: Activation, Tolerance, and Self-Protection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Unveiling FAM111B: A Pan-Cancer Biomarker for DNA Repair and Immune Infiltration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Mast Cell Density in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Skin in Dogs and Cats.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- Immune System Disorder and Cancer-Associated Cachexia.Cancers · 2024Review
- Overexpression of malic enzyme is involved in breast cancer growth and is correlated with poor prognosis.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Article
- Interplay of Chemokines Receptors, Toll-like Receptors, and Host Immunological Pathways.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Super enhancer-driven core transcriptional regulatory circuitry crosstalk with cancer plasticity and patient mortality in triple-negative breast cancer.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Host immunological pathways are delicate to cope with different types of pathogens. In this article, we divide immunological pathways into two groups: Immunoglobulin G-related eradicable immunities and Immunoglobulin A-related tolerable immunities. Once immune cells encounter an antigen, they can become anergic or trigger immune reactions. Immunoglobulin D B cells and γδ T cells are recognizing self-antigens to become anergic. Immunoglobulin M B cells and αβ T cells can trigger host immune reactions. Eradicable immune responses can be divided into four groups: TH1/TH2/TH22/THαβ (TH-T Helper cell groups). Tolerable immune responses can be divided into four groups: TH1-like/TH9/TH17/TH3. Four groups mean hosts can cope with four types of pathogens. Cancer is related to immune dysfunction. TH1-like immunity is pro-tumor immunity and THαβ is anti-tumor immunity. TH1-like immunity is the host tolerable immunity against intracellular micro-organisms. THαβ immunity is the host eradicable immunity against viruses. Cancer is also related to clonal anergy by Immunoglobulin D B cells and γδ T cells. Oncolytic viruses are related to the activation of anti-viral THαβ immunity. M2 macrophages are related to the tolerable TH1-like immunity, and they are related to metastasis. This review is key to understanding the immune pathogenesis of cancer. We can then develop better therapeutic agents to treat cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.