ArticlePediatric research2023
Age-related skull fracture patterns in infants after low-height falls.
Article in Pediatric research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Data-driven standards for infant skull thickness distributions in computational modeling and analysis.Journal of anatomy · 2025Article
- Infant skull fractures align with the direction of bone mineralization.Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology · 2025Article
- Acute Computer Tomography Findings in Pediatric Accidental Head Trauma-Review.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrior research and experience has increased physician understanding of infant skull fracture prediction. However, patterns related to fracture length, nonlinearity, and features of complexity remain poorly understood, and differences across infant age groups have not been previously explored.
methodsTo determine how infant and low-height fall characteristics influence fracture patterns, we collected data from 231 head CT 3D reconstructions and quantified length and nonlinearity using a custom image processing code. Regression analysis was used to determine the effects of age and fall characteristics on nonlinearity, length, and features of fracture complexity.
resultsWhile impact surface had an important role in the number of cracks present in a fracture, younger infants and greater fall heights significantly affected most features of fracture complexity, including suture-to-suture spanning and biparietal involvement. In addition, increasing fracture length with increasing fall height supports trends identified by prior finite-element modeling. Finally, this study yielded results supporting the presence of soft tissue swelling as a function of fracture location rather than impact site.
conclusionsAge-related properties of the infant skull confer unique fracture patterns following head impact. Further characterization of these properties, particularly in infants <4 months of age, will improve our understanding of the infant skull's response to trauma. IMPACT: Younger infant age and greater fall heights have significant effects on many features of fracture complexity resulting from low-height falls. Incorporating multiple crack formation and multiple bone involvement into computational models of young infant skull fractures may result in increased biofidelity. Drivers of skull fracture complexity are not well understood, and skull fracture patterns in real-world data across infant age groups have not been previously described. Understanding fracture complexity relative to age in accidental falls will improve the understanding of accidental and abusive head trauma.
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