ArticleArchives of disease in childhood2023
Neurodevelopment assessment of small for gestational age children in a community-based cohort from Pakistan.
Article in Archives of disease in childhood, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- High-dose vitamin DNature communications · 2025Trial
- Lifelong cognitive and motor outcomes after being born small for gestational age or with fetal growth restriction.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Review
- Multimodal Graphical Network Analysis of Small-for-Gestational-Age in Preterm Infants: Integrating Neonatal Brain Volume, Structural Connectivity, and Early Neurodevelopmental Outcome.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- ASQ-3 developmental outcomes at six months in a Bulgarian infant cohort: a cross-cultural comparison with U.S. norms.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Comparison of Chinese and international birth weight standards in predicting early childhood growth outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Small for Gestational Age and Motor Development in Children: A Narrative Review of Risk Factors, Brain Mechanisms, and Early Interventions.Developmental neuroscience · 2025Review
- Maternal age and parity influences on health outcomes: a multivariable regression analysis of mothers and infants.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Preliminary exploration of prediction model and nomograph drawing of Doppler peak systolic velocity ratio, peak systolic velocity 1 and peak systolic velocity 2 of ophthalmic artery in pregnant women for small for gestational age infants.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Early cognitive assessment in premature infants: the discriminatory value of eye-tracking vs. Bayley Scales.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Moderation of parental socioeconomic status on the relationship between birth health and developmental coordination disorder at early years.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- The mediating role of perceived social support: alexithymia and parental burnout in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChildren born small for gestational age (SGA) may experience more long-term neurodevelopmental issues than those born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). This study aimed to assess differences in the neurodevelopment of children born SGA or AGA within a periurban community in Pakistan.
methodsThis was a prospective cohort study in which study participants were followed from the pilot Doppler cohort study conducted in 2018. This pilot study aimed to develop a pregnancy risk stratification model using machine learning on fetal Dopplers. This project identified 119 newborns who were born SGA (2.4±0.4 kg) based on International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium standards. We assessed 180 children (90 SGA and 90 AGA) between 2 and 4 years of age (76% of follow-up rate) using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT).
findingsMultivariable linear regression analysis comparing the absolute scores of MDAT showed significantly lower fine motor scores (β: -0.98; 95% CI -1.90 to -0.06) among SGAs, whereas comparing the z-scores using multivariable logistic regression, SGA children had three times higher odds of overall z-scores ≤-2 (OR: 3.78; 95% CI 1.20 to 11.89) as compared with AGA children.
interpretationSGA exposure is associated with poor performance on overall MDAT, mainly due to changes in the fine motor domain in young children. The scores on the other domains (gross motor, language and social) were also lower among SGAs; however, none of these reached statistical significance. There is a need to design follow-up studies to assess the impact of SGA on child's neurodevelopmental trajectory and school performance.
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