ArticlePloS one2022
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with menstrual irregularities among women of reproductive age.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menstrual disturbance associated with COVID-19 vaccines: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Innovative Approaches to Menstruation and Fertility Tracking Using Wearable Reproductive Health Technology: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Pooled it
- Abnormal uterine bleeding during the COVID-19 pandemic among reproductive-age women with and without HIV.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Robust Bayesian Model Averaging Meta-Analysis of Menstrual Disorders in COVID-19 Survivors: A Methodological Meta-Analysis Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- The Clinical and Metabolic Profiles in Menstrual Changes Among Reproductive-Aged Women Post-COVID-19.MedComm · 2025Article
- Coronavirus disease vaccine linked menstrual changes: mobile application study.Obstetrics & gynecology science · 2025Article
- Ovarian function after COVID-19: long-term effects and vaccine safety in ART patients.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Article
- Review
- COVID-19 and abnormal uterine bleeding: potential associations and mechanisms.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2024Review
- COVID-19 and menstrual-related disturbances: a Spanish retrospective observational study in formerly menstruating women.Frontiers in global women's health · 2024Article
- Host factors of SARS-CoV-2 in infection, pathogenesis, and long-term effects.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Article
- A retrospective case-control study on menstrual cycle changes following COVID-19 vaccination and disease.iScience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBiological and psychological mechanisms may be responsible for menstrual irregularities occurring among women during the COVID-19 pandemic. STUDY
designFrom January 2019 to September 2021, women (18- to 45-years-old and not using hormonal contraception) were recruited in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Cross-sectional, self-report surveys collected data on menstrual irregularities, COVID-19 vaccination, stress, depression, and loneliness. A EUA approved rapid test assay using whole blood measured SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests described menstrual irregularities among women recruited before versus after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and with detectable versus undetectable SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. A logistic regression examined the relationship between the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and menstrual irregularities controlling for age, stress, depression, and loneliness.
resultsAmong 182 women enrolled, 73 were enrolled after pandemic onset, and 36 provided vaccination data. Having detectable SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was associated with a higher percentage of menstrual irregularities among unvaccinated women (0% vs. 39%, p = .026) and among all women regardless of vaccination status (31% vs. 5%; p = .005). Adjusting for age and psychological variables, the odds of menstrual irregularities were 7.03 times (95% CI [1.39, 35.60]; p = .019) higher among women with detectable antibodies compared to women without detectable antibodies. Neither enrollment date, age, nor psychological factors were associated to menstrual irregularities.
conclusionsBiological mechanisms related to SARS-CoV-2 infection may be responsible for irregular menstruation and should be further examined to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.