ArticlePlant physiology2023
Phosphorylation of MdCYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTOR4 suppresses ethylene biosynthesis during apple fruit ripening.
Article in Plant physiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- The multidimensional regulation roles and mechanisms of calcium in fruit quality.Journal of integrative plant biology · 2026Review
- A plant-receptor-inspired cuprous complex for wearable trace-level ethylene gas sensing.Nature communications · 2026Article
- TaCNGC-2A suppresses seed dormancy and activates pre-harvest sprouting through modulating calcium and hormonal signaling pathways.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Protein post-translational modifications: key switches coordinating fruit ripening regulatory networks.Horticulture research · 2026Article
- Salicylic acid reduces MdPUB24-mediated ubiquitination of MdWRKY40 to suppress ethylene biosynthesis in apple fruit.Horticulture research · 2026Article
- Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of theCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- CaHorticulture research · 2025Article
- Slow and steady wins the race: the negative regulators of ethylene biosynthesis in horticultural plants.Horticulture research · 2025Article
- Ethylene-Activated E3 Ubiquitin Ligase MdEAEL1 Promotes Apple Fruit Softening by Facilitating the Dissociation of Transcriptional Repressor Complexes.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Phosphorylation of the strawberry MADS-box CMB1 regulates ripening via the catabolism of abscisic acid.The New phytologist · 2025Article
- Natural variation in MdNAC5 contributes to fruit firmness and ripening divergence in apple.Horticulture research · 2025Article
- Novel Targets for Fruit Conservation Strategies Revealed by Omics Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of food science · 2025Review
- Paralogous Gene Recruitment in Multiple Families Constitutes Genetic Architecture and Robustness of Pod Dehiscence in Legumes.Genome biology and evolution · 2024Article
- The transcription factor PbbHLH164 is destabilized by PbRAD23C/D.1 and mediates ethylene biosynthesis during pear fruit ripening.Journal of advanced research · 2024Article
- Calmodulin-like protein CML15 interacts with PP2C46/65 to regulate papaya fruit ripening via integrating calcium, ABA and ethylene signals.Plant biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- Calmodulin-like protein MdCML15 interacts with MdBT2 to modulate iron homeostasis in apple.Horticulture research · 2024Article
- The miR156/SPL12 module orchestrates fruit colour change through directly regulating ethylene production pathway in blueberry.Plant biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- Self S-RNase reduces the expression of two pollen-specific COBRA genes to inhibit pollen tube growth in pear.Molecular horticulture · 2023Article
- Ethylene enhances MdMAPK3-mediated phosphorylation of MdNAC72 to promote apple fruit softening.The Plant cell · 2023Article
- Focus on fruit crops.Plant physiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene plays a central role in the ripening of climacteric fruits, such as apple (Malus domestica). Ethylene biosynthesis in apple fruit can be suppressed by calcium ions (Ca2+); however, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, we identified an apple APETALA2/ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factor, MdCYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTOR4 (MdCRF4), which functions as a transcriptional activator of ethylene biosynthesis- and signaling-related genes, including Md1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID SYNTHASE1 (MdACS1) and MdETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR3 (MdERF3), as a partner of the calcium sensor, calmodulin. Ca2+ promoted the Ca2+/CaM2-mediated phosphorylation of MdCRF4, resulting in MdCRF4 recognition by the E3 ubiquitin ligase MdXB3 ORTHOLOG 1 IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA (MdXBAT31), and consequently its ubiquitination and degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway. This in turn resulted in lower expression of MdACS1 and MdERF3 and reduced ethylene biosynthesis. Transiently overexpressing various MdCRF4 proteins with specific mutated phosphorylation sites revealed that the phosphorylation state of MdCRF4 affects the ripening of apple fruit. The results reveal that a Ca2+/CaM-MdCRF4-MdXBAT31 module is involved in Ca2+-suppressed ethylene biosynthesis, which delays apple fruit ripening. This provides insights into fruit ripening that may result in strategies for extending fruit shelf life.
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