ArticleScientific reports2022
Tandem duplication of a genomic region encoding glutathione S-transferase epsilon-2 and -4 genes in DDT-resistant Anopheles stephensi strain from India.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed.
- The entireAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Identification and Characterization of Cuticular Proteins in the Miridae InsectInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Genome Structural Variants Shape Adaptive Success of an Invasive Urban Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Knockdown-resistance (kdr) mutations in Indian Aedes aegypti populations: Lack of recombination among haplotypes bearing V1016G, F1534C, and F1534L kdr alleles.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- The origin, invasion history and resistance architecture ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Differential detoxification enzyme profiles in C-corn strain and R-rice strain of Spodoptera frugiperda by comparative genomic analysis: insights into host adaptation.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Identification of putative promoter elements for epsilon glutathione s-transferases genes associated with resistance to DDT in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles arabiensis.Scientific African · 2024Article
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Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GST) genes are a multigene family of enzymes involved in the metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds by catalysing the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione to the substrate. The epsilon class of GST (GSTe), unique to arthropods, is known to be involved in the detoxification process of several classes of insecticides, and GSTe2 in particular is known to have DDT dehydrochlorinase activity. This communication reports a tandem duplication of a genomic region encoding GSTe2 and GSTe4 genes in a laboratory-colonized DDT-resistant Anopheles stephensi. We identified duplication breakpoints and the organization of gene duplication through Sanger sequencing performed on long-PCR products. Manual annotation of sequences revealed a tandemly-arrayed duplication of a 3.62 kb segment of GST epsilon gene clusters comprised of five genes: a partial GSTe1, GSTe2, GSTe2-pseudogene, GSTe4 and partial GSTe5, interconnected by a conserved 2.42 kb DNA insert segment major part of which is homologous to a genomic region located on a different chromosome. The tandemly duplicated array contained a total of two GSTe2 and three GSTe4 functional paralog genes. Read-depth coverage and split-read analysis of Illumina-based whole-genome sequence reads confirmed the presence of duplication in the corresponding region of the genome. The increased gene dose in mosquitoes as a result of the GSTe gene-duplication may be an adaptive process to increase levels of detoxifying enzymes to counter insecticide pressure.
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