ArticleNucleic acids research2023
Profiling the intragenic toxicity determinants of toxin-antitoxin systems: revisiting hok/Sok regulation.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- An RNA structural switch controlling bacterial toxin translation.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Re-evaluating the role ofmicroPublication biology · 2026Article
- Bacterial programmed cell death and toxin-antitoxin system in bacteria.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- A-to-I mRNA editing in bacteria can affect protein sequence, disulfide bond formation, and function.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Insight into the environmental cues modulating the expression of bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Type I toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria: from regulation to biological functions.EcoSal Plus · 2024Review
- Article
- A simple BLASTn-based approach generates novel insights into the regulation and biological function of type I toxin-antitoxins.mSystems · 2024Article
- An RNA pseudoknot mediates toxin translation and antitoxin inhibition.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type I toxin-antitoxin systems (T1TAs) are extremely potent bacterial killing systems difficult to characterize using classical approaches. To assess the killing capability of type I toxins and to identify mutations suppressing the toxin expression or activity, we previously developed the FASTBAC-Seq (Functional AnalysiS of Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in BACteria by Deep Sequencing) method in Helicobacter pylori. This method combines a life and death selection with deep sequencing. Here, we adapted and improved our method to investigate T1TAs in the model organism Escherichia coli. As a proof of concept, we revisited the regulation of the plasmidic hok/Sok T1TA system. We revealed the death-inducing phenotype of the Hok toxin when it is expressed from the chromosome in the absence of the antitoxin and recovered previously described intragenic toxicity determinants of this system. We identified nucleotides that are essential for the transcription, translation or activity of Hok. We also discovered single-nucleotide substitutions leading to structural changes affecting either the translation or the stability of the hok mRNA. Overall, we provide the community with an easy-to-use approach to widely characterize TA systems from diverse types and bacteria.
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