ArticleInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2023
Repeated influenza vaccination induces similar immune protection as first-time vaccination but with differing immune responses.
Article in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Immunoadjuvanted influenza vaccine immunogenicity in children with type 1 diabetes over two consecutive seasons.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
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- Characterizing the dynamics of BCR repertoire from repeated influenza vaccination.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Article
- Repeated influenza vaccination induces similar immune protection as first-time vaccination but with differing immune responses.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRecent seasonal epidemics of influenza have been caused by human influenza A viruses of the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes and influenza B viruses. Annual vaccination is recommended to prevent infection; however, how annual influenza vaccination influences vaccine effectiveness is largely unknown.
methodsTo investigate the impact of repeated vaccination on immune and protective effect, we performed a prospective seroepidemiologic study. Participants with or without prior vaccination (2018-2019) were enrolled during the 2019-2020 influenza season. Inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) was administered through the intramuscular route, and venous blood samples were collected regularly to test hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers.
resultsThe geometric mean titers and proportion with titers ≥40 against the influenza vaccine components peaked at 30 days post-vaccination. At Day 30, the geometric mean titer and proportion with titers ≥40 in participants who had been previously vaccinated were higher for H3N2 but similar for both B lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) as compared with participants vaccinated for the first time. As for H1N1, the geometric mean titer was lower in repeated vaccinated participants, but the proportion with titers ≥40 was consistent in both groups.
conclusionsRepeated vaccination provides similar or enhanced protection as compared with single vaccination in first-time vaccinees.
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