ArticlePLoS pathogens2022
The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is induced during Borrelia burgdorferi infection and inhibits T cell joint infiltration without compromising bacterial clearance.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Seroprevalence ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Observational
- Strain-specific immune response patterns toInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Walking the tightrope: Balancing immune checkpoints and their inhibitors in host defence against bacterial infections.Journal of applied biomedicine · 2026Review
- Role of dual specificity phosphatase 1 in influencing inflammatory pathways in macrophages modulated byFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Role of Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) in influencing inflammatory pathways in macrophages modulated bybioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Salmonella cancer therapy metabolically disrupts tumours at the collateral cost of T cell immunity.EMBO molecular medicine · 2024Article
- Hitchhiker's Guide toJournal of bacteriology · 2024Review
- Identification of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Epitopes From Lyme Autoantigen Apolipoprotein B-100 and Borrelia burgdorferi Mcp4 in Murine Lyme Arthritis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Borrelia burgdorferi initiates early transcriptional re-programming in macrophages that supports long-term suppression of inflammation.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing of murine ankle joints over time reveals distinct transcriptional changes followingiScience · 2023Article
- The Interaction of Borrelia burgdorferi with Human Dendritic Cells: Functional Implications.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
- Cellular and transcriptome signatures unveiled by single-cell RNA-Seq followingFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The Lyme disease bacterial pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi, establishes a long-term infection inside its mammalian hosts. Despite the continued presence of the bacteria in animal models of disease, inflammation is transitory and resolves spontaneously. T cells with limited effector functions and the inability to become activated by antigen, termed exhausted T cells, are present in many long-term infections. These exhausted T cells mediate a balance between pathogen clearance and preventing tissue damage resulting from excess inflammation. Exhausted T cells express a variety of immunoinhibitory molecules, including the molecule PD-1. Following B. burgdorferi infection, we found that PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are significantly upregulated on CD4+ T cells and antigen presenting cell subsets, respectively. Using mice deficient in PD-1, we found that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway did not impact bacterial clearance but did impact T cell expansion and accumulation in the ankle joint and popliteal lymph nodes without affecting B cell populations or antibody production, suggesting that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may play a role in shaping the T cell populations present in affected tissues.
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