ArticleBMC public health2022
Association between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: a hierarchical approach.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices and childhood stunting in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Coexisting burden of maternal and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- The association between anthropometric failure and zinc deficiency among preschool-age children in rural Sidama region, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- Socio-demographic and household determinants of stunting in children under five years: a pooled analysis of data from Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Zambia.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- Determinants of access to waste management services in healthcare facilities in 14 low- and middle-income countries.Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA · 2026Article
- Household water, sanitation, and hygiene access and its impact on nutritional outcomes in children under five: evidence from Pakistan.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Exploring the Association Between Household Toilet Facility Type and Chronic Malnutrition in Children Under 5 years in Ghana's Northern Zone.Environmental health insights · 2026Article
- Coexisting maternal and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: Spatial modeling and multilevel analysis of consecutive EDHS data.PloS one · 2026Article
- Access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) practices and their associations with waterborne diseases and malnutrition in Ibrahim Kodbuur District, Hargeisa, Somaliland: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Determinants of Improved Household Sanitation Use in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Enteric pathogen carriage in early childhood is associated with elevated CRP, lower IGF-1 and linear growth deficits: the ELICIT study in rural Tanzania.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Targeting undernutrition in Haiti: a spatial analysis for improving food security and reducing stunting in children under five.Public health nutrition · 2025Article
- Estimating pathways affecting stunting in families with children under aged 5 years.Journal of public health research · 2025Article
- What keeps children small, thin, and weak?: exploring the early childhood impacts of socioeconomic disadvantages in Pakistan.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Under-nutrition and its associated factors among under-five children across urban and rural settings of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional comparative study.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- A multilevel analysis of factors associated with stunting among children under five years in Lesotho: a study of the lesotho multiple cluster indicator survey 2018.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Reply to Asiniwasis et al.: Understanding growth implications of uncontrolled atopic dermatitis in Indigenous children: challenges and considerations.Clinical rheumatology · 2025Article
- Water, sanitation, and hygiene and their association with child undernutrition: a hierarchical analysis of the 2020 Somaliland demographic health survey.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Intergenerational chronic undernutrition pattern and determinants in Ethiopia: a multilevel and spatial analysis of EDHS data (2000-2016).Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Factors associated with childhood undernutrition in poor Ethiopian households: Implications for public health interventions.PloS one · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundUndernutrition is a significant public health challenge and one of the leading causes of child mortality in a wide range of developing countries, including Ethiopia. Poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities commonly contributes to child growth failure. There is a paucity of information on the interrelationship between WASH and child undernutrition (stunting and wasting). This study aimed to assess the association between WASH and undernutrition among under-five-year-old children in Ethiopia.
methodsA secondary data analysis was undertaken based on the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) conducted from 2000 to 2016. A total of 33,763 recent live births extracted from the EDHS reports were included in the current analysis. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between WASH and child undernutrition. Relevant factors from EDHS data were identified after extensive literature review.
resultsThe overall prevalences of stunting and wasting were 47.29% [95% CI: (46.75, 47.82%)] and 10.98% [95% CI: (10.65, 11.32%)], respectively. Children from households having unimproved toilet facilities [AOR: 1.20, 95% CI: (1.05,1.39)], practicing open defecation [AOR: 1.29, 95% CI: (1.11,1.51)], and living in households with dirt floors [AOR: 1.32, 95% CI: (1.12,1.57)] were associated with higher odds of being stunted. Children from households having unimproved drinking water sources were significantly less likely to be wasted [AOR: 0.85, 95% CI: (0.76,0.95)] and stunted [AOR: 0.91, 95% CI: (0.83, 0.99)]. We found no statistical differences between improved sanitation, safe disposal of a child's stool, or improved household flooring and child wasting.
conclusionThe present study confirms that the quality of access to sanitation and housing conditions affects child linear growth indicators. Besides, household sources of drinking water did not predict the occurrence of either wasting or stunting. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to determine whether individual and joint access to WASH facilities was strongly associated with child stunting and wasting.
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