ArticleScientific reports2022
Distribution, source apportionment, and risk analysis of heavy metals in river sediments of the Urmia Lake basin.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Baseline assessment of sedimentary heavy metals and ecological risks in the high-siltation Gorai River, Bangladesh.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Occurrence of parabens in aquatic environments and sediments and efficiency of wastewater treatment plants in parabens removal.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Seasonal variation, heavy metal pollution indices and health risk assessment in the Esa-Odo reservoir, Nigeria.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Toxicity, health risks, environmental effects of trace metals in the sediments of the Middle Black Sea (Samsun) and bioaccumulation in Hyallella azteca amphipods.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Assessment of surface sediment properties and heavy metal contamination in typical urban areas of the Yellow River, China.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Multivariate analyses to evaluate the contamination, ecological risk, and source apportionment of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Xiang-Shan wetland, Taiwan.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Aeromonas sobria as a potential candidate for bioremediation of heavy metal from contaminated environments.Scientific reports · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The anthropogenic heavy metal dissemination in the natural environment through riverine sediments is a major ecological and public health concern around the world. This study gives insight into the source apportionment and potential ecological and health risks of heavy metals in river sediments of the Urmia Lake basin, a natural world heritage located in northwestern Iran. A comprehensive sediment sampling was conducted in seven major rivers feeding the basin during the summer and winter of 2021. Samples were analyzed for zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) contents and a suite of chemical and physical properties. Subsequently, Pollution Index (PI), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Ecological Risk (ER), Hazard Quotients (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Carcinogenic Risk (CR) indices were determined. The mean concentration of heavy metals in all rivers' sediments exhibited the descending order of Ni > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd during both summer and winter. Multivariate analysis suggested that Zn was primarily initiated from natural processes, Cd and Pb were affected by human activities, and Cu along Ni were derived from natural and anthropogenic factors. The PI unveiled that most sediment samples were unpolluted to slightly polluted by Zn, Cu, and Pb, and slightly to moderately polluted by Cd. PLI and ER indices demonstrated that the sediment poses non to moderate pollution and low to moderate ecological risk, respectively. Using a human health risk approach, we found that the HI values of all heavy metals and THI were less than one for children and adults implying non-carcinogenic risk in the analyzed sediments. Carcinogenic effects of Cd and Pb at all rivers sediments via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact were almost within tolerable risks (1 × 10
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