ReviewEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society2022
How and when to manage respiratory infections out of hospital.
Review in European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blowing devices, resources and incentive screens during respiratory physiotherapy: a systematic review.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Viral Respiratory Infections and Host Immune Dynamics in Diabetes: Clinical Outcomes in the Post-COVID Era.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- The Impact of Adenotonsillectomy on Respiratory Tract Infections in Pediatric Patients: A Comparative Study Using a Korean Nationwide Population-Based Cohort.Journal of rhinology : official journal of the Korean Rhinologic Society · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Risk During the 90-Day Vulnerable Window After COPD Exacerbations: A Narrative Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Estimating the economic burden of lower respiratory infections in China from 2020 to 2040: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Expression and clinical significance of serum C-reactive protein and blood lactate levels in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated by acute lower respiratory tract infection.American journal of translational research · 2026Article
- Association Between Long-Term Glycemic Control and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Hospitalized for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Observational
- The causal association between insomnia and cognitive decline: A 2-sample, 2-step multivariable Mendelian randomization study.Medicine · 2025Article
- Detecting Respiratory Pathogens for Diagnosing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections at the Point of Care: Challenges and Opportunities.Biosensors · 2025Review
- Andrographolide Sulfonates and Xiyanping: A Review of Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Activities, Clinical Applications, and Adverse Reactions.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Unified metagenomic method for rapid detection of microorganisms in clinical samples.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Ten Issues to Update in Nosocomial or Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: An Expert Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Respiratory infections.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lower respiratory infections include acute bronchitis, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of COPD and acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis. They are a major cause of death worldwide and often affect the most vulnerable: children, elderly and the impoverished. In this paper, we review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, severity assessment and treatment of adult outpatients with lower respiratory infections. The paper is divided into sections on specific lower respiratory infections, but we also dedicate a section to COVID-19 given the importance of the ongoing pandemic. Lower respiratory infections are heterogeneous entities, carry different risks for adverse events, and require different management strategies. For instance, while patients with acute bronchitis are rarely admitted to hospital and generally do not require antimicrobials, approximately 40% of patients seen for community-acquired pneumonia require admission. Clinicians caring for patients with lower respiratory infections face several challenges, including an increasing population of patients with immunosuppression, potential need for diagnostic tests that may not be readily available, antibiotic resistance and social aspects that place these patients at higher risk. Management principles for patients with lower respiratory infections include knowledge of local surveillance data, strategic use of diagnostic tests according to surveillance data, and judicious use of antimicrobials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.