ArticlePLoS pathogens2022
Reductions in bacterial viability stimulate the production of Extra-intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) cytoplasm-carrying Extracellular Vesicles (EVs).
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Symbiotic bacteria produce non-lytic vesicles with nucleic acid cargo.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Biomedical Research and Clinical Translation.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Review
- TheJournal of proteome research · 2026Article
- Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Oncology: Molecular Mechanisms and Future Clinical Applications.Cancers · 2025Review
- Benzimidazole-Derived B2 as a Fluorescent Probe for Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV) Labeling: Integrating DFT, Molecular Dynamics, Flow Cytometry, and Confocal Microscopy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Rapid assembly of biofilms from DNA released by SOS-inducing drugs in enteric bacteria.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Differential temporal release and lipoprotein loading in B. thetaiotaomicron bacterial extracellular vesicles.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- The proteome of bacterial membrane vesicles inFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Pathogenic mechanisms and potential applications of extracellular vesicles from periodontal pathogens in periodontitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- ProQ binding to small RNA RyfA promotes virulence and biofilm formation in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.Veterinary research · 2023Article
- Extracellular vesicles produced by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) activate macrophage proinflammatory response and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation through TLR4 signaling.Microbial cell factories · 2023Article
- Outer membrane vesicles from a mosquito commensal mediate targeted killing of Plasmodium parasites via the phosphatidylcholine scavenging pathway.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Composition and functions of bacterial membrane vesicles.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extra-intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is defined as an extra-intestinal foodborne pathogen, and several dominant sequence types (STs) ExPEC isolates are highly virulent, with zoonotic potential. Bacteria extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry specific subsets of molecular cargo, which affect various biological processes in bacteria and host. The mechanisms of EVs formation in ExPEC remains to be elucidated. Here, the purified EVs of ExPEC strains of different STs were isolated with ultracentrifugation processes. A comparative analysis of the strain proteomes showed that cytoplasmic proteins accounted for a relatively high proportion of the proteins among ExPEC EVs. The proportion of cytoplasm-carrying vesicles in ExPEC EVs was calculated with a simple green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression method. The RecA/LexA-dependent SOS response is a critical mediator of generation of cytoplasm-carrying EVs. The SOS response activates the expression of prophage-associated endolysins, Epel1, Epel2.1, and Epel2.2, which triggered cell lysis, increasing the production of ExPEC cytoplasm-carrying EVs. The repressor LexA controlled directly the expression of these endolysins by binding to the SOS boxes in the endolysin promoter regions. Reducing bacterial viability stimulated the production of ExPEC EVs, especially cytoplasm-carrying EVs. The imbalance in cell division caused by exposure to H2O2, the deletion of ftsK genes, or t6A synthesis defects activated the RecA/LexA-dependent SOS response, inducing the expression of endolysins, and thus increasing the proportion of cytoplasm-carrying EVs in the total ExPEC EVs. Antibiotics, which decreased bacterial viability, also increase the production of ExPEC cytoplasm-carrying EVs through the SOS response. Changes in the proportion of cytoplasm-carrying EVs affected the total DNA content of ExPEC EVs. When macrophages are exposed to a higher proportion of cytoplasm-carrying vesicles, ExPEC EVs were more cytotoxic to macrophages, accompanied with more-severe mitochondrial disruption and a higher level of induced intrinsic apoptosis. In summary, we offered comprehensive insight into the proteome analysis of ExPEC EVs. This study demonstrated the novel formation mechanisms of E. coli cytoplasm-carrying EVs.
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