ArticlePLOS water2022
Spatial heterogeneity of neighborhood-level water and sanitation access in informal urban settlements: A cross-sectional case study in Beira, Mozambique.
Article in PLOS water, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predicting Sanitation Behaviors: Comparison of Willingness to Pay Techniques for Sanitation Services in Urban Dhaka, Bangladesh.Environmental health insights · 2026Article
- Socioecological drivers of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) choices: A qualitative analysis of maternal perspectives in northwest Ecuador.PLOS water · 2026Article
- Water Matters More: Unequal Effects of Water and Sanitation on Child Growth in Mozambique.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Urban water network upgrades improve quality and access to drinking water in the PAASIM matched cohort study in Beira, Mozambique.Research square · 2025Article
- How water intermittency and water perceptions influence household coping strategies in northwestern Ecuador.PLOS water · 2025Article
- Spatial variation and predictors of anemia among women of reproductive age in Mozambique, 2022/23: a multiscale geographically weighted regression.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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- Mozambique public investment in the water and sanitation sector and the targets of SDG6.UCL open. Environment · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Rapid urbanization, resulting in population growth within informal settlements, has worsened exclusion and inequality in access to water and sanitation (WASH) services in the poorest and most marginalized communities. In this study, we describe the heterogeneity in water service satisfaction and WASH access in low-income, peri-urban neighborhoods of Beira, Mozambique, and examine whether this heterogeneity can be explained by distance to water distribution mains. Using spatial statistics and regression analyses, we identify spatial heterogeneity in household WASH access, as well as consumer-reported satisfaction with water services (services, pressure, quality, and sufficient quantity). We find that as distance from the water main increased, both access to an improved water source at the household and satisfaction with water pressure decreases, and water supply intermittency increases, controlling for household density and socioeconomic status. The odds of a household having access to a water source at the household or on the compound decreases with every 100-meter increase in distance from a water main pipe (odds ratio [OR] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82, 0.92). Satisfaction with water services also decreases with every 100-meter increase in distance from a water main pipe (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.94). Days of availability in the past week decreases by a factor of 0.22 for every 100-meter increase in distance from the water main (95% CI: -0.29, -0.15). Findings from this study highlight the unequal household access to water and sanitation in urban informal settlements, even within low-income neighborhoods. Describing this heterogeneity of access to water services, sanitation, and satisfaction-and the factors influencing them-can inform stakeholders and guide the development of infrastructural solutions to reduce water access inequities within urban settings.
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Registered trials
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